CHAPTER 4+5 Flashcards
define clique
small groups (5-6) of same sex and age, similar activities/interest and in group identity
define crowds
larger group structure, based on reputation, is place where dating begins
what are the 6 types of crowds?
jocks, populars, normals, druggies, nobodies and independents
what are the 5 categories children can be placed in?
accepted, average, neglected, rejected, controversial
define an accepted child
frequently nominated as best friend, rarely disliked by peers, linked to + outcomes, school success, wellbeing
define average child
received average # of friends and negative nominations, average
define neglected child in term of class play
infrequently nominated as friend but not disliked by peers, linked to shyness and low support
define rejected child
infrequently nominated as friend, actively disliked, poor school performance, bullying/aggression, loneliness and less prosocial
define controversial child
frequently nominated as friend and as being disliked, linked to lower motivation at school and aggressive behaviour
consequences of peer status
loneliness, difficulty in school, behavioural and emotional, physical health problems
what are traits of rejected-aggressive?
hyperactive, impulsive and conflict
what are traits of rejected-withdrawn
passive, socially awkward, lonely
define neglected children
shy, quiet, less aggressive than other children
define socially reticent child
watch others from afar, remain unoccupied in social company, hover near but do not engage in interaction
define unsociable/socially interested child
not anxious or fearful but refrain from social interaction as they prefer to play alone
what are 6 steps of social problem solving theory
- encode social cues
- interpret social cues
- formulate social goals
- generate possible problem solving strategies
- evaluate probable effectiveness of strategies
- enact response
define social competence
achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others over time and across situations
what does social competence lead to?
Generation and use of strategies that prevent or resolve disagreement results in positive outcomes for self and others
define hostile attribution bias
some children search for evidence of hostility towards them; linked to aggressive behaviour
define repetitional bias
tendency to interpret peer’s behaviours on basis of past encounters with and feelings about them
define popular antisocial
well known, cool, athletic, attractive, poor students, manipulative
define popular prosocial
well liked and accepted, friendly, cooperative, academic achievers
define scientific method
formulate hypotheses based on theory; use replicable techniques to collect, study analyze data
define operationalize
defining construct so that it is observable and measurable
define construct
idea or concept
define self report
reports about themselves
define peer report
peers report about you
define teacher report
teacher takes observations
define parent report
parent makes observations
define observations (naturalistic)
watching subjects in natural environemnts
define observations (lab)
watching subjects in laboratory environments
define physiological measures
set of instruments that convey precise info about individuals bodily functions (e.g. heart rate)
define peer report (nominations)
to nominate or rank peers by variable of interest
ways to record observation data
running narratives, transcription, event recording, interval recoding, global scale rating
define cross sectional design
one time point; typically correlational
define longitudinal design
changes over time but attrition
define experimental design
control group, random assignment but not ethically possible with many topics
define intervenition design (pre/post)
experimental design, look for changes due to treatment
define agression
someone feeling hurt and there is intent to harm
define instrumental/proactive aggression
used to help child get what they want, cool and deliberate, relational
define reactive aggression
hostile, used to hurt someone, impulsive and more physical
how is physical harm caused?
physical injury; more common for boys
how is verbal harm caused?
threat of physical aggression (ex. name calling)
how is relational/social harm caused?
damage to social relationships
what % of toddlers use physical aggression?
80%
what is higher physical aggression related to?
peer rejection and increase conflict in kindergarten
what does higher relational aggression relate to?
higher acceptance and less conflict due to language development and skills
what happens to aggression in middle school?
declines for most, higher rates at this age related to conduct disorder, delinquency, dysregulation
what are biological causes of aggression
deficits in CNS serotonin linked to higher levels of severe aggression in adults; hormonal correlates (testosterone); prenatal correlates (smoking, drugs)
what are family/peer context causes of aggression
martial conflicts, childhood maltreatment, deviant friends, less sensitivity, coercive interaction patterns
what are social cognitive deficit causes of aggression
impulse, fear, hostile attributes, overly high self esteem
what are biological and social (combined) causes of aggression
kids who have low level serotonin and family conflict are violent offender in adulthood
define parental psychological control
constrains, invalidates, manipulates kids psychological and emotional experience through shaming, guilt, withholding love, anxiety
effects of parental psychological control
interferes with developing social competence, develop victim schema of themselves, exacerbate highly emotional reactive aggression
define verbal aggression
yelling threatening name calling, increases with age, related to anxiety, depression
define relational aggression (social)
behaviour that is intended to harm someone by damaging or manipulating relationship with others
examples of relational aggression
spreading rumours, silent treatment, social exclusion,
when does relational aggression begin
pre school (age 3)
define adaptive:
role in protection, survival and developmental growth
how can adaptiveness be used in middle childhood?
can be used to attract peers and impress them with aggressor toughness
how can adaptiveness be used in adolecence
key to maintaining membership or risking in status of hierarchy of gang
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in infancy?
expressing anger and frustration, early signs appear (pushing, shoving), differences in irritability
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in preschool years?
proactive/instrumental aggression and increase of verbal aggression, relational aggression begins to appear, boys more physical
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in elementary
reactive/hostile aggression appears, relational becomes more sophisticated and physical declines, parental monitoring important to deter delinquency
in elementary, what type of aggression do girls use?
relational
in elementary, what type of aggression do boys use?
physical and relational
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in adolescence
aggressive children select aggressive, deviant peers, relational continues and increase in deviant payr groups
define moffitt’s developmental theory of crime
life course persistent where engage in antisocial behaviour for long periods and adolecent limited where few problems in childhood, unlikely to continue antisocial behaviour
