CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
what are changes in families today?
more single people, less children, changes in childcare, more women in workforce, more divorce and remarriages, same sex
which province waited longest before having their first child?
BC
are Canadian women waiting longer to have children?
yes
how do older mothers feel about parenting?
feel more responsible, enjoy it more and have more positive affect
how do older fathers feel about parenting?
3x as likely to have regular responsibility for some part of children’s daily care
what 2 dimensions do parents differ on in terms of parenting styles?
emotionality and control
what can emotionality range form?
warmth to rejecting
what can control range from?
demanding to permissive
define authoritative parenting
high acceptance and involvement, adaptive conrtrol and appropriate autonomy
encourages children to be independent but places limits and controls on action
verbal give and take is allowed
what are authoritative outcomes?
mature, self controlled, self reliance, achievement oriented, good peer relations and school performance, warmth and involvement
what are peer relationships of children with authoritative parents?
lower level of peer conformity, higher social competence and adjustment, positive peer relationships that buffer neg family influences
term to describe authoritative parenting
warm and sensitive
define authoritarian parenting
restrictive, punitive style where parents force child to follow parents direction and respect work and effort
firm limit and control placed, little verbal exchange is allowed
what are outcomes of authoritarian parenting?
fearful, anxious, vulnerable to stress, low self esteem, commit lower antisocial acts
define indulgent/permissive parenting
few demands/control on kids, can do what they want, free expression of child’s impulses, high autonomy
what terms describe authoritarian parenting
“because I said so”
outcomes of indulgent/permissive parents?
dependent, demanding on adults, few goals
define uninvolved parenting
parent uninvolved with child’s life, indifferent or neglectful, minimize cost in time and effort with child, little monitoring
outcomes of uninvolved parents
poor school achievement, self esteem and delinquency
what punishment is used at adolescence?
monitoring (importance of family dinner) and psychological control
what punishment is used at school age?
psychological control
what punishment is used at 4 years old?
almost 60% spanked
what punishment is used at 2 years old?
81% report yelling in anger, 45% spanking
what punishment is used at 12 months?
1/3 parents use coercive discipling (slapping, threatening, removing toys)
what is the relationship between corporal punishment and outcomes in childhood/adulthood
poor moral interalizaion, quality of relations with parent, mental health, increased rates of criminal/antisocial behaviour and rates of abuse of own child/spouse
what is associated with insecure avoidant attachment?
intrusive and rejecting parenting
what is associated with insecure ambivalent attachment?
unaffectionate and inconsistent parenting
what is associated with insecure disorganization attachment?
neglectful/abusive parenting
what did studies find in relation to siblings and friendships?
quality of sibling friendship predicts quality of friendships
what do kids learn in early childhood?
hard transition for firstborns, infants find older siblings comforting and play together by 2nd year and less conflict later
what affects sibling relationships in early childhood?
temperament, parenting and family context
what do kids learn in middle childhood?
rivalry increases, but still provide companionship and influence declines in adolescence
why do siblings matter?
sibling conflict more powerful predictor of outcomes
how do birth order and parent child interactions relate?
parents may treat siblings differently (non shared experience)
what can lead to differential treatment of children?
rivalry, externalizing problems and low self esteem
define friendship
dyadic, reciprocal, equal/prosocial and committed, mutual preference for interaction and quality
compared to non-friends, friends have more…?
+ interactions, emotional expression, prosocial behaviour, self disclosure but more disagreement and competition
define perspective talking
ability to assume another person’s perspective and understanding of thoughts and feelings
define theory of mind
understanding own and others mental states
what are examples of theory of mind?
make believe play, conflict resolution, negotiation, co-construction of meaning, social interaction with older peers/siblings
what is poor perspective linked to?
bullying, peer rejection, aggression
what does perspective improve?
peer status and quality of friendships
according to Piaget, what does he think about friendships?
think they are horizontal, friends contribute to higher levels of operational thinking
define symbolic interaction theory (Sullivan)
basis of self esteem comes from others and children are constantly assess their perceived acceptance/rejection
what is evidence that infants have friends?
matching emotions, sharing toys and prosocial behaviour, simple games, respond to familiar vs unfamiliar peers, dyadic, reciprocal, equal/prosocial and committed over time
what happens at 2 1/2 in regards to friendships in children?
children spend more social time with other children and less with adults
what are the 4 types of play in preschool aged children?
onlooker behaviour, parallel play, associative play, cooperative play
define onlooker behaviour
children watch or talk with other kids engaged in play
what % of children engage in onlooker behaviour?
1/2
define parallel play
children play in similar activities but side by side, not together
what age is parallel play common in?
2 year olds but is gone by 3-4
define associative play
children play with other kids but don’t share same goa; share toys and may react to other child’s activity but not fully engaged with each other in joint activity
example of associative play
sharing paint and remarking on another kid’s artwork
what age is associative play common in?
3-4, less common in 2 year olds
define cooperative play
at 3-4, kids play cooperatively, reciprocate and share common goals (building sandcastles)
what are the 3 stages of friendship?
play mate (early childhood), trust (middle childhood), intimacy (adolescence)
what is the primary concern in playmate (early childhood)
maximize excitement and entertainment and enjoyment through play
what is the primary concern in trust (middle childhood)
to be included, avoid rejection and present oneself in positive way
what is the primary concern in intimacy (adolescence)
to explore know and define oneself
what is purpose of communication in playmate (early childhood)
coordinate play, escalate and de-escalate play activity and talk about and resolve conflict
what is purpose of communication in trust (middle childhood)
to share negative gossip with others
what is purpose of communication in adolescence?
disclose oneself to other sand solve problems
what is purpose of emotional development in early childhood
learn to manage arousal during interaction
what is purpose of emotional development in middle childhood
acquire rules for showing feelings
what is purpose of emotional development in adolescence
integrate logic and emotion and understanding of implications for emotions of relationships
define companionship
spend time in collaborative activities e.g. play sports
define stumulation
excitement, fun to be around and enjoy their company
define ego support
support, encouragement, make them feel good about themselves
define social comparison
where kids stand in relation to others
define intimacy
warm, close, trusting relationships
