CHAPTER 3

Question 1

what are changes in families today?

Answer 1

more single people, less children, changes in childcare, more women in workforce, more divorce and remarriages, same sex

Question 2

which province waited longest before having their first child?

Answer 2

BC

Question 3

are Canadian women waiting longer to have children?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

how do older mothers feel about parenting?

Answer 4

feel more responsible, enjoy it more and have more positive affect

Question 5

how do older fathers feel about parenting?

Answer 5

3x as likely to have regular responsibility for some part of children’s daily care

Question 6

what 2 dimensions do parents differ on in terms of parenting styles?

Answer 6

emotionality and control

Question 7

what can emotionality range form?

Answer 7

warmth to rejecting

Question 8

what can control range from?

Answer 8

demanding to permissive

Question 9

define authoritative parenting

Answer 9

high acceptance and involvement, adaptive conrtrol and appropriate autonomy
encourages children to be independent but places limits and controls on action
verbal give and take is allowed

Question 10

what are authoritative outcomes?

Answer 10

mature, self controlled, self reliance, achievement oriented, good peer relations and school performance, warmth and involvement

Question 11

what are peer relationships of children with authoritative parents?

Answer 11

lower level of peer conformity, higher social competence and adjustment, positive peer relationships that buffer neg family influences

Question 12

term to describe authoritative parenting

Answer 12

warm and sensitive

Question 13

define authoritarian parenting

Answer 13

restrictive, punitive style where parents force child to follow parents direction and respect work and effort
firm limit and control placed, little verbal exchange is allowed

Question 14

what are outcomes of authoritarian parenting?

Answer 14

fearful, anxious, vulnerable to stress, low self esteem, commit lower antisocial acts

Question 15

define indulgent/permissive parenting

Answer 15

few demands/control on kids, can do what they want, free expression of child’s impulses, high autonomy

Question 16

what terms describe authoritarian parenting

Answer 16

“because I said so”

Question 17

outcomes of indulgent/permissive parents?

Answer 17

dependent, demanding on adults, few goals

Question 18

define uninvolved parenting

Answer 18

parent uninvolved with child’s life, indifferent or neglectful, minimize cost in time and effort with child, little monitoring

Question 19

outcomes of uninvolved parents

Answer 19

poor school achievement, self esteem and delinquency

Question 20

what punishment is used at adolescence?

Answer 20

monitoring (importance of family dinner) and psychological control

Question 21

what punishment is used at school age?

Answer 21

psychological control

Question 22

what punishment is used at 4 years old?

Answer 22

almost 60% spanked

Question 23

what punishment is used at 2 years old?

Answer 23

81% report yelling in anger, 45% spanking

Question 24

what punishment is used at 12 months?

Answer 24

1/3 parents use coercive discipling (slapping, threatening, removing toys)

Question 25

what is the relationship between corporal punishment and outcomes in childhood/adulthood

Answer 25

poor moral interalizaion, quality of relations with parent, mental health, increased rates of criminal/antisocial behaviour and rates of abuse of own child/spouse

Question 26

what is associated with insecure avoidant attachment?

Answer 26

intrusive and rejecting parenting

Question 27

what is associated with insecure ambivalent attachment?

Answer 27

unaffectionate and inconsistent parenting

Question 28

what is associated with insecure disorganization attachment?

Answer 28

neglectful/abusive parenting

Question 29

what did studies find in relation to siblings and friendships?

Answer 29

quality of sibling friendship predicts quality of friendships

Question 30

what do kids learn in early childhood?

Answer 30

hard transition for firstborns, infants find older siblings comforting and play together by 2nd year and less conflict later

Question 31

what affects sibling relationships in early childhood?

Answer 31

temperament, parenting and family context

Question 32

what do kids learn in middle childhood?

Answer 32

rivalry increases, but still provide companionship and influence declines in adolescence

Question 33

why do siblings matter?

Answer 33

sibling conflict more powerful predictor of outcomes

Question 34

how do birth order and parent child interactions relate?

Answer 34

parents may treat siblings differently (non shared experience)

Question 35

what can lead to differential treatment of children?

Answer 35

rivalry, externalizing problems and low self esteem

Question 36

define friendship

Answer 36

dyadic, reciprocal, equal/prosocial and committed, mutual preference for interaction and quality

Question 37

compared to non-friends, friends have more...?

Answer 37

+ interactions, emotional expression, prosocial behaviour, self disclosure but more disagreement and competition

Question 38

define perspective talking

Answer 38

ability to assume another person's perspective and understanding of thoughts and feelings

Question 39

define theory of mind

Answer 39

understanding own and others mental states

Question 40

what are examples of theory of mind?

Answer 40

make believe play, conflict resolution, negotiation, co-construction of meaning, social interaction with older peers/siblings

Question 41

what is poor perspective linked to?

Answer 41

bullying, peer rejection, aggression

Question 42

what does perspective improve?

Answer 42

peer status and quality of friendships

Question 43

according to Piaget, what does he think about friendships?

Answer 43

think they are horizontal, friends contribute to higher levels of operational thinking

Question 44

define symbolic interaction theory (Sullivan)

Answer 44

basis of self esteem comes from others and children are constantly assess their perceived acceptance/rejection

Question 45

what is evidence that infants have friends?

Answer 45

matching emotions, sharing toys and prosocial behaviour, simple games, respond to familiar vs unfamiliar peers, dyadic, reciprocal, equal/prosocial and committed over time

Question 46

what happens at 2 1/2 in regards to friendships in children?

Answer 46

children spend more social time with other children and less with adults

Question 47

what are the 4 types of play in preschool aged children?

Answer 47

onlooker behaviour, parallel play, associative play, cooperative play

Question 48

define onlooker behaviour

Answer 48

children watch or talk with other kids engaged in play

Question 49

what % of children engage in onlooker behaviour?

Answer 49

1/2

Question 50

define parallel play

Answer 50

children play in similar activities but side by side, not together

Question 51

what age is parallel play common in?

Answer 51

2 year olds but is gone by 3-4

Question 52

define associative play

Answer 52

children play with other kids but don't share same goa; share toys and may react to other child's activity but not fully engaged with each other in joint activity

Question 53

example of associative play

Answer 53

sharing paint and remarking on another kid's artwork

Question 54

what age is associative play common in?

Answer 54

3-4, less common in 2 year olds

Question 55

define cooperative play

Answer 55

at 3-4, kids play cooperatively, reciprocate and share common goals (building sandcastles)

Question 56

what are the 3 stages of friendship?

Answer 56

play mate (early childhood), trust (middle childhood), intimacy (adolescence)

Question 57

what is the primary concern in playmate (early childhood)

Answer 57

maximize excitement and entertainment and enjoyment through play

Question 58

what is the primary concern in trust (middle childhood)

Answer 58

to be included, avoid rejection and present oneself in positive way

Question 59

what is the primary concern in intimacy (adolescence)

Answer 59

to explore know and define oneself

Question 60

what is purpose of communication in playmate (early childhood)

Answer 60

coordinate play, escalate and de-escalate play activity and talk about and resolve conflict

Question 61

what is purpose of communication in trust (middle childhood)

Answer 61

to share negative gossip with others

Question 62

what is purpose of communication in adolescence?

Answer 62

disclose oneself to other sand solve problems

Question 63

what is purpose of emotional development in early childhood

Answer 63

learn to manage arousal during interaction

Question 64

what is purpose of emotional development in middle childhood

Answer 64

acquire rules for showing feelings

Question 65

what is purpose of emotional development in adolescence

Answer 65

integrate logic and emotion and understanding of implications for emotions of relationships

Question 66

define companionship

Answer 66

spend time in collaborative activities e.g. play sports

Question 67

define stumulation

Answer 67

excitement, fun to be around and enjoy their company

Question 68

define ego support

Answer 68

support, encouragement, make them feel good about themselves

Question 69

define social comparison

Answer 69

where kids stand in relation to others

Question 70

define intimacy

Answer 70

warm, close, trusting relationships