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PSYCH 3781 > CHAPTER 1+2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1+2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 major theories in child development?

A
  1. psychoanalytic theory
  2. attachment theory
  3. behavioural and social cognitive theory
  4. cognitive theory
  5. ecological theory
  6. evolutionary theory
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2
Q

define psychoanalytic theory

A

development is unconscious and emotional; behaviour is surface characteristic and working of mind needs to be analyzed to understand behaviour

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3
Q

example of psychoanalytic theory

A

freud’s personality theory and erikson’s psychosocial theory

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4
Q

what is freud’s personality theory

A

conscious, preconscious (superego) and unconscious (id)

individual differences in personality impact all social relationships

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5
Q

define ID

A

consists of instincts

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6
Q

define ego

A

deals with demands of reality

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7
Q

define superego

A

moral branches of personality (3-6)

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8
Q

what is erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

believed freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development

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9
Q

what are the 8 stages of psychosocial development

A
  1. infancy
  2. early childhood
  3. play age
  4. school age
  5. adolescence
  6. young adulthood
  7. adulthood
  8. mature age
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10
Q

infancy =

A

trust vs mistrust

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11
Q

early childhood =

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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12
Q

play age =

A

initiative vs guilt

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13
Q

school age =

A

initiative vs guilt

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14
Q

adolescence =

A

identity vs identity confusion

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15
Q

young adulthood =

A

intimacy vs isolation

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16
Q

adulthood =

A

generativity vs stagnation

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17
Q

mature age =

A

integrity vs despair

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18
Q

what are conclusions about psychoanalytic theory

A

early parent-child experiences are important for future of social relationships
unconscious aspects need to be considered

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19
Q

define attachment theory

A

quality of carefiver relationship has lifelong impact on personality development and social relationships

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20
Q

define behavioural theory

A

all behaviour is learned thorugh experience with environment

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21
Q

examples of behavioural theory

A

Palvov’s dogs, Skinner’s Classical Conditioning

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22
Q

example of cognitive social theory

A

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiement

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23
Q

what happened in the Bobo experiment?

A

88% of children imitated aggression

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24
Q

define cognitive theory

A

children’s friendships have significant role in successful cognitive development

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25
Q

what are 2 important cognitive theories?

A

Piaget’s cognitive development theory and vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory

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26
Q

define Piaget’s theory

A

children actively construct their understanding of the world as they go through.4 stages of cognitive development
give more complex understanding of language and logic

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27
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operations
28
Q

define Vygotsky’s theory

A

cultural and social interaction guide development and children’s social interaction with more skilled adults is indispensable in advancing cognitive development

29
Q

define upper limit

A

level of responsibility child can accept with assistance of able instructor

30
Q

define lower limit

A

level of problem solving reached on these tasks by child working alone

31
Q

what is in-between upper and lower limit?

A

zone of proximal development

32
Q

what is an example of ecological theory?

A

Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems theory

33
Q

define Bronfenbrenner’s theory

A

views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

34
Q

define macrosystem

A

social ideologies and values of cultures and subcultures

35
Q

define ecosystem

A

systems that influence individual indirectly through Microsystems

36
Q

define mesosystems

A

connections between systems and Microsystems

37
Q

define technosystems

A

media influences (e.g. computers, internet)

38
Q

define chronosystems

A

time and historical influences

39
Q

define evolutionary theory

A

examines child in context of species evolution and biological roots of behaviour

40
Q

define attachment

A

close emotional bond between 2 people

41
Q

freud’s definition of attachment

A

oral satisfaction and feeding

42
Q

harlow’s definition of attachment

A

contact comfort shown in monkeys given two mothers; one made of metal but had food and one without food but a fibre cloth

43
Q

erikson’s definition of attachment

A

physical comfort and sensitivity (trust vs mistrust)

44
Q

bowlbys definition of attachment

A

internal working model, rules and expectations regarding relationship; models used as template for future relationships; infant and caregivers biologically predisposed to form attachments

45
Q

4 characteristics of attachment

A

proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base and seperation distress

46
Q

define proximity maintenance

A

desire to be near people we are attached too

47
Q

define safe haven

A

returning to attachment figure for comfort and safety in face of fear or threat

48
Q

define secure base

A

attachment figure acts as base of security where child can explore environment

49
Q

seperation distress

A

anxiety that occurs in absence

50
Q

define strange situation

A

shows baby and the reaction to mother leaving with presence of stranger

51
Q

define securely attached babies

A

uses caregiver as secure base to explore enviro
when mom leaves, cries but when she returns, seeks out actively
have caregivers who are sensitive to signals and available to respond to infant needs

52
Q

define sensitive care

A

caregiving that is consistent and responsive

53
Q

define secure avoidant babies

A

show insecurity by avoiding mom, rarely cries when separated, may pretend to not notice/not make eye contact when she returns

54
Q

define insecure resistant/ambivalent

A

when mom close, kid stays near, anxious before mom leaves, extremely upset when she does and seeks and resists contact
clings to caregiver and resists by fighting against closeness by kicking

55
Q

define insecure disorganized babies

A

disorganized, disoriented, fearful, inconsistent behaviour and stressed, freezing behaviour

56
Q

what % use secure attachment

A

60%

57
Q

what % use avoidant attachment

A

15%

58
Q

what % use resistant attachment?

A

10%

59
Q

what % use disorganized attachment?

A

15%

60
Q

define secure autonomous in adults

A

secure, freely and openly talk about childhood experiences

61
Q

define avoidant attachment in adults

A

dismissing, emphasizes importance of attachment and don’t want close relationships

62
Q

define resistant attachment in adults

A

preoccupied, hyper tuned to attachment experiences

63
Q

define disorganized attachment in adults

A

unresolved; high level of fear and disoriented

64
Q

consequence of having a child that displayed securely attachment

A

more emotionally positive, empathetic, socially competent at 4-5, more friends/popular, develop close friendships

65
Q

consequence of having a child that displayed secure attachments for cognitive development

A

more exploratory behaviour, interest, less frustration and crying, more attentive in class and higher grades in HS

66
Q

what type of mother is more likely to have secure baby?

A

more sensitive, older, had more social supports (regardless of how many hours worked)

PSYCH 3781 (4 decks)

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