CHAPTER 1+2 Flashcards
What are the 6 major theories in child development?
- psychoanalytic theory
- attachment theory
- behavioural and social cognitive theory
- cognitive theory
- ecological theory
- evolutionary theory
define psychoanalytic theory
development is unconscious and emotional; behaviour is surface characteristic and working of mind needs to be analyzed to understand behaviour
example of psychoanalytic theory
freud’s personality theory and erikson’s psychosocial theory
what is freud’s personality theory
conscious, preconscious (superego) and unconscious (id)
individual differences in personality impact all social relationships
define ID
consists of instincts
define ego
deals with demands of reality
define superego
moral branches of personality (3-6)
what is erikson’s psychosocial theory
believed freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development
what are the 8 stages of psychosocial development
- infancy
- early childhood
- play age
- school age
- adolescence
- young adulthood
- adulthood
- mature age
infancy =
trust vs mistrust
early childhood =
autonomy vs shame and doubt
play age =
initiative vs guilt
school age =
initiative vs guilt
adolescence =
identity vs identity confusion
young adulthood =
intimacy vs isolation
adulthood =
generativity vs stagnation
mature age =
integrity vs despair
what are conclusions about psychoanalytic theory
early parent-child experiences are important for future of social relationships
unconscious aspects need to be considered
define attachment theory
quality of carefiver relationship has lifelong impact on personality development and social relationships
define behavioural theory
all behaviour is learned thorugh experience with environment
examples of behavioural theory
Palvov’s dogs, Skinner’s Classical Conditioning
example of cognitive social theory
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiement
what happened in the Bobo experiment?
88% of children imitated aggression
define cognitive theory
children’s friendships have significant role in successful cognitive development
what are 2 important cognitive theories?
Piaget’s cognitive development theory and vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
define Piaget’s theory
children actively construct their understanding of the world as they go through.4 stages of cognitive development
give more complex understanding of language and logic
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operations
define Vygotsky’s theory
cultural and social interaction guide development and children’s social interaction with more skilled adults is indispensable in advancing cognitive development
define upper limit
level of responsibility child can accept with assistance of able instructor
define lower limit
level of problem solving reached on these tasks by child working alone
what is in-between upper and lower limit?
zone of proximal development
what is an example of ecological theory?
Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems theory
define Bronfenbrenner’s theory
views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
define macrosystem
social ideologies and values of cultures and subcultures
define ecosystem
systems that influence individual indirectly through Microsystems
define mesosystems
connections between systems and Microsystems
define technosystems
media influences (e.g. computers, internet)
define chronosystems
time and historical influences
define evolutionary theory
examines child in context of species evolution and biological roots of behaviour
define attachment
close emotional bond between 2 people
freud’s definition of attachment
oral satisfaction and feeding
harlow’s definition of attachment
contact comfort shown in monkeys given two mothers; one made of metal but had food and one without food but a fibre cloth
erikson’s definition of attachment
physical comfort and sensitivity (trust vs mistrust)
bowlbys definition of attachment
internal working model, rules and expectations regarding relationship; models used as template for future relationships; infant and caregivers biologically predisposed to form attachments
4 characteristics of attachment
proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base and seperation distress
define proximity maintenance
desire to be near people we are attached too
define safe haven
returning to attachment figure for comfort and safety in face of fear or threat
define secure base
attachment figure acts as base of security where child can explore environment
seperation distress
anxiety that occurs in absence
define strange situation
shows baby and the reaction to mother leaving with presence of stranger
define securely attached babies
uses caregiver as secure base to explore enviro
when mom leaves, cries but when she returns, seeks out actively
have caregivers who are sensitive to signals and available to respond to infant needs
define sensitive care
caregiving that is consistent and responsive
define secure avoidant babies
show insecurity by avoiding mom, rarely cries when separated, may pretend to not notice/not make eye contact when she returns
define insecure resistant/ambivalent
when mom close, kid stays near, anxious before mom leaves, extremely upset when she does and seeks and resists contact
clings to caregiver and resists by fighting against closeness by kicking
define insecure disorganized babies
disorganized, disoriented, fearful, inconsistent behaviour and stressed, freezing behaviour
what % use secure attachment
60%
what % use avoidant attachment
15%
what % use resistant attachment?
10%
what % use disorganized attachment?
15%
define secure autonomous in adults
secure, freely and openly talk about childhood experiences
define avoidant attachment in adults
dismissing, emphasizes importance of attachment and don’t want close relationships
define resistant attachment in adults
preoccupied, hyper tuned to attachment experiences
define disorganized attachment in adults
unresolved; high level of fear and disoriented
consequence of having a child that displayed securely attachment
more emotionally positive, empathetic, socially competent at 4-5, more friends/popular, develop close friendships
consequence of having a child that displayed secure attachments for cognitive development
more exploratory behaviour, interest, less frustration and crying, more attentive in class and higher grades in HS
what type of mother is more likely to have secure baby?
more sensitive, older, had more social supports (regardless of how many hours worked)
