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Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
NO TRUE NUCLEUS
No histones
No organelles
PEPTIDOGLYCAN cell walls
Binary fission
A

Prokaryote

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2
Q 
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
TRUE NUCLEUS
Histones (chromosomal proteins)
Organelles
POLYSACCHARIDE cell walls
Mitosis
A

Eurkaoyte

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3
Q

Average size of bacteria

A

0.2 -1.0 µm X 2 - 8 µm

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4
Q

Basic shapes (morphology): bacteria

A

coccus, bacillus,spirillia

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5
Q

Unusual shapes of bacteria

A

Star-shaped

Square shaped

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6
Q

normal shape of bacteria

A

monomorphic

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7
Q

Arrangement come in what types

A

pairs (2), Tetrads (4), Sacinae (8), clusters, chains

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8
Q

Structures outside of the cell wall

A 
Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial filaments
Fimbriae
Pili
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9
Q 
sticky
found outside the wall of some bacteria
A slime layer is unorganized & loose
Extracellular polysaccharide 
Capsules prevent phagocytosis, therefore, important in virulence or the disease causing ability of the bacteria
A

Glycocalyx

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10
Q

Help bacteria to move from one place to another (motility)

found outside cell wall

A

Flagella

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11
Q

Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
Flagella proteins are H antigens

A

Motile Cells

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12
Q

Endoflagella (these are not real flagella)
In spirochetes
Anchored at one end of a cell
Rotation causes cell to move

A

Axial Filaments

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13
Q

__allow attachment, important in pathogenesity

A

Fimbriae

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14
Q

__are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

A

pili

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15
Q

Prevents osmotic lysis (water break apart)

Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

A

Cell wall

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16
Q

Polymer of disaccharideN-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Linked by polypeptides

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

Thick Peptidoglycan

No outer membrane

A

Gram positive cell wall

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18
Q

Thin Peptidoglycan

Outer membrane

A

Gram negative cell wall

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19
Q

There are 2 types

  1. Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
  2. Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan

may regulate cell growth and movement of cations

- prevent cell wall break down or lysis
- provides antigenic variation
A

Teichoic acids

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20
Q

Made out of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.
Provide protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics.
O polysaccharide antigen,
Lipid A is an endotoxin.
Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

A

Gram negative outer membrane

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21
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave (purple)
Safranin cannot go in the cell

A

Gram positive

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22
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in the thin peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out
Safranin can go in the cell (red)

A

Gram negative

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23
Q

Damages what cell
bacteria are more susceptible to Penicillin and many antibiotics
Lysozyme (digestive enzyme) digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.
bacteria are more vulnerable since they have a thick peptidoglycan layer.

A

Gram positive

24
Q

bacteria are more resistant to Penicillin and many antibiotics since they have the outer membrane

A

Gram negaitive

25
Q

Made out of Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral ptoteins

A

Plasma membrane

26
Q

attach to one side of the membrane

A

Peripheral proteins

27
Q

runs through both phospholipid layers, penetrate the membrane completely

A

Integral Proteins

28
Q

Membrane is as viscous as olive oil.
Proteins move to function
Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
Membrane (fluid) is as viscous as olive oil. Proteins (mosaic) move to function.

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

29
Q

Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
Enzymes for ATP production
Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

A

Plasma membrane

30
Q

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
High -> low
no energy

A

Simple diffusion

31
Q

Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

no energy

A

Facilitative diffusion

32
Q

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high solvent concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low solvent concentration (high solute concentration)

A

Osmosis

33
Q

Equal water and solute inside and out

A

Isotonic

34
Q

water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged

A

Hypotonic

35
Q

water moves out of the cell causing its cytoplasm to shrink

A

Hypertonic

36
Q

seen exclusively in prokaryotes.
Substance is chemically altered during transport.
example: phosphate groups can be added to sugar
Requires a transporter protein and PEP (phospho enol pyruvic acid).
PEP: high energy phosphate compound.

A

Group translocation

37
Q

substances requires a transporter protein and ATP

A

Active transport

38
Q

the substance inside the plasma membrane

- nuclear (nucleoid) area (chromosome/DNA)
- ribosomes
- inclusions
- endospores
A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

Are prokaryotic and eukayotic cells have different sizes?

A

Yes

40
Q 
Phosphate reserves
Energy reserves
Energy reserves
Energy reserves
Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
Protein covered cylinders
Iron oxide (destroys H2O2)
Metachromatic granules (volutin)	
Polysaccharide granules
Lipid inclusions
Sulfur granules
Carboxysomes		
Gas vacuoles		
Magnetosomes
These are all what
A

Inclusions

41
Q

Resting cells
Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Help the bacterial cells to survive harsh environments
Bacillus, Clostridium
Sporulation
Germination

A

Endospores

42
Q

Return to vegetative state

A

Germination

43
Q

Endospore formation

A

Sportulation

44
Q

have a nucleus and many other membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

45
Q

have flagella and cilia

A

eukaryotes

46
Q

have flagella but they never can have cilia

A

prokaryotes

47
Q

organelle that Contains chromosomes

A

Nucleus

48
Q

organelle that is the transport network

A

ER

49
Q

organelle that membrane formation and secretion

A

Golgi complex

50
Q

organelle with digestive enzyme

A

Lysosome

51
Q

organelle that brings food into cells and provides support

A

Vaculoe

52
Q

organelle that does cellular respiration

A

Mitochondrion

53
Q

organelle that does photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

54
Q

organelle that does oxidation of fatty acids and destroys H2O2

A

Peroxisome

55
Q

Nucleus, ER, Gogli complex, Lysosome, Vacuole, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, and peroxisome
are organelles of what cells

A

Eukaryotic cells

Microbiology (7 decks)

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