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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

microorganisms

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2
Q

a rapidly growing cell.

A

germ

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3
Q

Decompose organic waste
Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone
Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread
Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin) by using genetic engineering
Designer Jeans? (read applications of microbiology in page 3)
A few are pathogenic, disease-causing

A

microorganisms

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4
Q 
The knowledge of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Allows humans to
	Prevent food spoilage
	Prevent disease occurrence
Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.
A

microorganisms

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5
Q

What are the 3 domains of living organisms?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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6
Q

What has a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

What does not have a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

Archaea

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8
Q

These are examples of what?
Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
Fungi (yeast, molds, mushrooms)
Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants)
Animals (sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates)

A

Eukarya

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9
Q

_______ established the system of scientific nomenclature.

A

Linnaeus

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10
Q

Each organism has two names: ________ and _______

A

the genus and species.

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11
Q

scientific names are:

A

are italicized or underlined. The genus is
capitalized and the species is written in lower case.
are “Latinized” and used worldwide.
may be descriptive or honor a scientist.

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12
Q

Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies.

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

Honors the discoverer, Theodor Eshcerich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon.

A

Escherichia coli

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14
Q

After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the species name:

examples are:

A

Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli are found in the human body. S. aureus is on skin and E. coli, in the large intestine

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15
Q

Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan (dimer of a disaccharide)cell walls
Binary fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Many can “swim” using flagella

A

bacteria

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16
Q

true nucleus

A

eukarya

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17
Q

no nucleus

A

bacteria and archaea

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18
Q 
Prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan
Binary fission
Non pathogenic
Live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens (methane)
Extreme halophiles (salt)
Extreme thermophiles (temperature)
A

archaea

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19
Q 
Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for energy
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular
A

Fungi

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20
Q

Eukaryotes nucleus or no nucleus?

A

nucleus

21
Q

Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Reproduce sexually or asexually

A

protozoa

22
Q 
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)

are examples of what?

A

Protozoan Blood Parasite

23
Q

Cause by Trypanosoma cruzi
Epidemiology: Southern Texas, Mexico, Central and South America
Occurence: 40-50% of the population in rural South America
Reservoir: rodents, opossums, armadillos
Vector: Reduviid bug (kissing bug)
Disease: damage nerves controlling eosophagus and colon; these will get enlarge and stop transporting food
Treatment: blood transfussion, available drugs have side effects

A

American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease)

24
Q

Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis for energy
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

A

algae

25
Q 
Acellular (not a real cell)
Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
A

Viruses

26
Q

Eukaryote
Multicellular animals
Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths.
Microscopic stages in life cycles.

A

Mulitcellular Animal Parasites

27
Q

Classification of microorganisms

A 
Three domains
Bacteria (cell wall – peptidoglycan)
Archaea (cell wall – no peptidoglycan)
Eukarya
Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
Fungi (yeast, molds, mushrooms)
Animals (parasitic worms)
28
Q

who described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
1673-1723

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

29
Q 
1857-1914
Fermentation
Pasteurization
Koch’s postulates
Vaccination
Synthetic drugs
Antibiotics
Dream of a “magic bullet”
A

“The golden age of microbiology”

30
Q

is the study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

31
Q

is the study of fungi.

A

mycology

32
Q

is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

A

parasitology

33
Q

the study of an organism’s genes, that has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

A

genomics

34
Q

is the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases

A

Immunology

35
Q

is the study of viruses

A

virology

36
Q

Recombinant DNA is DNA made from two different sources. This involves microbial genetics and molecular biology.

A

Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering

37
Q

the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old.

A

biotechnology

38
Q

is a new technique for biotechnology. Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.

A

genetic engineering

39
Q

is important in treating many genetic disorders; missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy.

A

gene therapy

40
Q

are used to protect crops from insects, droughts, freezing and microbial diseases.

A

genetically modified bacteria

41
Q

( the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environments)

A

microbial ecology

42
Q

________ can recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

A

Bacteria

43
Q

Microbes can be used to recycle used water during __________

A

sewage treatment

44
Q

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage.

Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

A

bioremediation

45
Q

______________________ are Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission.
Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals including humans and to plants.

A

biological insecticides

46
Q

surface of human tongue, intestines, skin
Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called __________

produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.
prevent growth of pathogens.

A

normal microbiota

47
Q

protect our mucous membranes from pathogens, but can be harmful when found on surfaces like catheters

are produced when microorganisms attach to each other and/or to a solid surface; surface of teeth

A

biofilms

48
Q

is the ability of the body to ward off disease.

A

resistance

49
Q

include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals such as interferons and normal microbiota.

A

resistance factors

When a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results.

Microbiology (7 decks)

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