Chapter 4 Flashcards
Developmental Patterns at Each Stage
Zygote
Conception- week 2
fertilization and cell division
Developmental Patterns at Each Stage
embryo
week 3-8 embryonic disk- embryo trophoblast- tissues that protect and nourish the embryo endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm heart beats in right and left chambers veins are visible webbed fingers
Trophoblast (What supportive tissues develop from these cells? What are their functions?)
Amion: Watertight sac that surrounds embryo Helps cushion against injuries Regulates temperature Provides weightless environment Chorion: Surrounds the amion and becomes the lining of the placenta Placenta: Formed from lining of uterus and Chorion Purpose is to prevent mixing of bloodstreams Passageway from infant of carbon dioxide and waste Umbilical cord Link between placenta and embryo Contains 1 large vein and 2 arteries 1-3 feet in length
Developmental Patterns at Each Stage
Fetus
week 9-38
everything else develops
What is a teratogen
broad range of substances that can cause environmental insults that may result in prenatal abnormalities at birth or later
Principles of teratology
A teratogen’s effect depends on: the genetic makeup of the organism exposed to it
The likelihood and degree of abnormal development increase with the fetus dosage of the harmful agent, from no effect to a lethal one
The effect of teratogen of development: depends partly on timing
What are the effects of different types of teratogens
caffeine- normal, modest use poses no problem
alcohol- may cause fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects
tobacco- reduces birthweight, increases risk of malformations of limbs and urinary tract
marijuana- heavy exposure effects cns, when smoked, may hinder fetal growth
heroin- slows fetal growth, increases prematurity. addicted newborns need treatment to control withdrawal
coke- slows fetal growth, increases prematurity and then learning problems
stages of the birth process
Stage 1: Contractions of the uterus cause dilation and effacement of cervix leading to transition (12-14 hrs)
Stage 2: the mother pushes with each contraction, forcing the baby down the birth canal until the baby is born (approx. 1.5 hrs)
Stage 3: with final pushes, the placenta is delivered
Myths surrounding the birth process
Myth #1: Birth is a single stage process- push and the baby is born
- False: It is 3 stages.
- Myth #2: Birth is a very traumatic process- For the baby
- Myth #3: Physical contact between parent and child after birth is necessary for bonding
Birth, birth procedures, assessing health of infant
Apgar scale used to assess the health of the infant. Simple rating scale of five vital signs– color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing–conducted at one minute after birth and again and five minutes after birth. Score of 7 or above is ideal.
Possible complications and interventions
Complication- Anoxia– lack of oxygen.
Intervention: Cesarean Section– a surgical birth. Many advantages for hospitals (they are easier to schedule, quicker, and– insurance pays surgeons and pays for time (days) in hospitals– therefore more expensive). However, they also increase complications after birth, reduce breastfeeding, and increase childhood obesity.
Intervention: Epidural– an injection in the spine to alleviate pain. Increase the rate of cesarean sections and decrease the readiness of newborn babies to suck immediately after birth.
Intervention: Induced labor– labor started, sped up, or strengthened with a drug. Increases the incidence of cesarean section.
Low birthweight
LBW (low birth weight): under 2500 grams or 5 lbs. 5 oz.
VLBW (very low birth weight): under 1500 grams or 3 lbs. 5 oz.
ELBW (extremely low birth weight: under 1000 grams or 2 lbs. 3 oz.
Mothers and LBW
correlates with teratogens, malnutrition of mother, young mother, smoking, poor neighborhood with pollutants, underweight, under eating
Fathers and LBW
everyone who affects the mother, also affects the fetus
if the father is present and supportive, it helps decrease LBW
low SES(socioeconomic status) is correlated with LBW
Consequences
cognitive difficulties and visual/hearing difficulties
cry more, pay attention less, disobey
language delays
more likely to get diabetes or heart disease as adults
The New Family – parent/child interactions, parental relationships, postpartum depression
Parent/Child Interaction Newborns’ appearance triggers adults response reflexes Newborns are socially responsive Parental Relationships Factors that facilitate bonding Presence of father at birth, and being listed on the birth certificate parents allowed to hold and interact with the baby after birth mothers who feel confident in their ability to be a good mom parental alliance, working together and supporting each other Postpartum Depression 50%-80% of women experience “baby blues” within the first two weeks of giving birth 8%-15% of women experience PPD, which can start within the first 24 hours or months after giving birth, and continues for an extended amount of time Symptoms Hopelessness Helplessness Irritability Low self-esteem loss of pleasure in life mood changes inability to adjust to having an infant (there were more) Symptoms Range mild dysphoria suicidal ideation psychotic depression Causes Hormonal excesses or deficiencies of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, thyroxine,tryptophan marital conflict child-care difficulties having a difficult baby history of depression Treatment Therapy Medication Lifestyle changes
