Chapter 2 Flashcards
Definition of a theory
A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of the phenomena by specifying relations among variables
Purpose of a theory
to organize what we currently know about development
to bring meaning to what we do know about development
to generate hypothesis for future research
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
stage 1- trust vs mistrust (birth- 1)
stage 2- autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3)
stage 3- initiative vs guilt (3-6)
stage 4- industry vs inferiority (6-11)
stage 5- identity vs role confusion (12- 18+)
stage 6- intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)
negative an positive continuum
resolution of the conflict at one stage influences the degree to which the conflict at the next stage be resolved
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
individuals biological disposition interacts with his/her enviornment relationships are most important microsystem- family mesosystem- interactions among family exosystem- community macrosystem- cultural view chronosystem- individuals
grand theories
psychoanalytical theory behaviorism conditioning social learning cognitive theory
classical conditioning
a person learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as the meaningful one
nurture
psychoanalytical theory
psychosexual (freud) or psychosocial (erikson)
more nature (biological, sexual impulse, parent child bonds)
emphasizes that human actions and thoughts originate from unconscious impulses and childhood conflicts
stress the legacy of childhood
Social learning
people learn by observing others
cognitive theory
thinking, remmebering, analyzing
more nature (mental activity and mmotivation are key)
thoughts and beliefs shape our attitudes, actions, and perceptions
newer theories
sociocultural theory universal perspective (humanism and evolutionary theory)
Sociocultural theory
social context, expressed through people, language, customs
more nurture (interaction of mentor and learner, within context)
human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons ad their surrounding society
more multicultural
Humanism
Maslows hierarchy of needs
stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background
Evolutionary theory
once we recognize the origins of destructive urges we will better be able to control them
selective adaption- humans today act in ways that helped us survive long ago
behaviorism
conditioning through stimulus and response more nurture (direct environment produces various behaviors)
Universal perspective
needs and impulses that all humans share as a species more nature (needs and impulses apply to all humans)
