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PSY 322 Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fear

A

The central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well-being.

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2
Q

Anxiety

A

The central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger.

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3
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

A disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities for at least 6 months. Symptoms include: Restlessness, Fatigue, Difficulty concentrating, Irritability, Muscle Tension, Sleep Disturbance

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4
Q

Client-centered Therapy

A

The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness.

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5
Q

Basic Irrational Assumptions

A

The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis.

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6
Q

Rational-emotive Therapy

A

A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder.

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7
Q

Family Pedigree Study

A

A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.

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8
Q

Benzodiazapines

A

The most common group of anti-anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.

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9
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder.

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10
Q

Sedative-hypnotic Drugs

A

Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses.

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11
Q

Relaxation Training

A

A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations.

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12
Q

Biofeedback

A

A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily.

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13
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A

A device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.

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14
Q

Phobia

A

A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation.

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15
Q

Specific Phobia

A

A severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia). The feared object almost always elicits immediate fear and anxiety. It is actively avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety. The fear/anxiety is out of proportion to the object. Lasts 6 months or more.

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16
Q

Agoraphobia

A

An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur. Literally translates to fear of the market place. Situations are actively avoided, require a companion, or endured with intense fear/anxiety.

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17
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person’s mind and so produce the same response.

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18
Q

Modeling

A

A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others.Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.

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19
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli.

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20
Q

Preparedness

A

A predisposition to develop certain fears.

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21
Q

Exposure Treatments

A

Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread.

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22
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread.

23
Q

Flooding

A

A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless.

24
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

A

A severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur. The fear is out of proportion for the situation but the person feels like they are being judged negatively. Lasts 6 months or more.

25
Q

Social Skills Training

A

A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors.

26
Q

Panic Attacks

A

Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass. Symptoms include: Pounding heart or palpitations, Sweating, Trembling or shaking, Shortness of breath, Feelings of choking, Fear of losing control/going crazy, Chest pain, Nausea/abdominal distress, Feeling dizzy, Chills/heat sensations, Numbness/Tingling, Derealization or depersonalization, Fear of dying.

27
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks. At least one panic attack followed by 1 month or more of: persistent worry about another panic attack and significant maladaptive change in behavior due to attacks.

28
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression.

29
Q

Locus Ceruleus

A

A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine.

30
Q

Biological Challenge Test

A

A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of are searcher or therapist.

31
Q

Anxiety Sensitivity

A

A tendency to focus on one’s bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.

32
Q

Obsession

A

A persistent thought, urge, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety.

33
Q

Compulsion

A

A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety.

34
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a drive to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both.

35
Q

Exposure and Response Prevention

A

A behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention.

36
Q

Neutralizing

A

A person’s attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts.

37
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression,obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

38
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion,sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise.

39
Q

Caudate Nuclei

A

Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions.

40
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders

A

A group of disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly and excessively perform specific patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives.

41
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

A disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance. The perceived defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated.

42
Q

Realistic Anxiety

A

when you face actual danger

43
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A

when you are repeatedly prevented, by parents or by circumstances, from expressing their id impulses

44
Q

Moral Anxiety

A

when you are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses.

45
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Full,warm acceptance of a person regardless of what he or she says, thinks, or feels;a critical component of client-centered therapy.

46
Q

Metacognitive Therapy

A

developed by the researcher Adrian Wells (2011, 2010, 2005),suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying.

47
Q

Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory

A

certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility of occurrence is very small.

48
Q

Avoidance Theory

A

developed by researcher Thomas Borkovec, suggests that people with this disorder have greater bodily arousal (higher heart rate,perspiration, respiration) than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, perhaps by distracting the individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings

49
Q

Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy

A

A type of therapy that teaches clients to be mindful of (just notice and accept) their dysfunctional thoughts or worries.

50
Q

Brain Circuits

A

Networks of brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action with the help of neurotransmitters.

51
Q

Hoarding Disorder (Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorder)

A

A disorder in which people persistently feel that they must save items and experience great distress if they try to discard them, resulting in an extreme accumulation of items that clutter their lives and living areas.

52
Q

Hair-pulling Disorder (Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorder)

A

also known as trichotillomania, repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of the body

53
Q

Excoriation Disorder (Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorder)

A

A disorder in which persons keep picking at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds. Also called skin-picking disorder.

54
Q

Stress-management Program

A

An approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress.

PSY 322 Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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