Chapter 4

Question 1

exogenous vs. endogenous substances:

Answer 1

exogenous is from an external source; endogenous from an internal source

Question 2

discovery of acetylcholine involved:

Answer 2

frog hearts

Question 3

the basal forebrain is the major source of ___ in the brain

Answer 3

ACh

Question 4

acetylcholine is sent from:

Answer 4

the basal forebrain

Question 5

acetylcholine is sent to:

Answer 5

the cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, skeletal muscles, the PNS

Question 6

acetylcholine’s major roles in the CNS are:

Answer 6

learning and memory modulation

Question 7

acetylcholine’s major roles in the PNS are:

Answer 7

motor control, parasympathetic activity

Question 8

dopamine is sent from:

Answer 8

the midbrain: the VTA and the SN

Question 9

dopamine is sent to:

Answer 9

the cortex, basal ganglia, and nucleus accumbens

Question 10

dopamine’s major roles are:

Answer 10

reward processing, learning, motivation

Question 11

the ventral segmental area is a portion of the midbrain that:

Answer 11

sends dopamine to the nucleus accumbens

Question 12

glutamate is sent from:

Answer 12

everywhere

Question 13

glutamate is sent to:

Answer 13

everywhere

Question 14

glutamate’s major role is:

Answer 14

the most predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Question 15

GABA is sent from:

Answer 15

everywhere

Question 16

GABA is sent to:

Answer 16

everywhere

Question 17

GABA’s major role is:

Answer 17

the most predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Question 18

metabolic tolerance:

Answer 18

form of drug tolerance that arises when repeated exposure to the drug causes the metabolic machinery of the body to become more efficient at clearing the drug

Question 19

functional tolerance:

Answer 19

the form of drug tolerance that arises when repeated exposure to the drug causes receptors to be up-regulated or down-regulated

Question 20

possible drug effects on transmitter production:

Answer 20

could inhibit transmitter synthesis; could block axonal transport; could interfere with neurotransmitter storage

Question 21

possible drug effects on transmitter release:

Answer 21

could prevent synaptic transmission; could alter synaptic transmitter release; could modulate transmitter release by presynaptic receptors

Question 22

possible drug effects on neurotransmitter clearance:

Answer 22

could inactivate transmitter reuptake; could block transmitter degradation

Question 23

possible drug effects on receptor activity:

Answer 23

could blockade receptors or activate receptors

Question 24

possible drug effects on postsynaptic activity

Answer 24

could alter number of receptors or modulate second messengers

Question 25

neuroleptics/antipsychotics perform what function?

Answer 25

block dopamine receptors

Question 26

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors do what?

Answer 26

inhibit degradation

Question 27

SSRIs do what?

Answer 27

inhibit reuptake

Question 28

benzodiazepines do what?

Answer 28

activate GABA receptors, inhibiting neural activity

Question 29

morphine does what?

Answer 29

agonist toward endogenous opioid receptors

Question 30

endogenous opioids

Answer 30

opium-like peptide transmitters that have been called the body’s own narcotics

Question 31

nicotine

Answer 31

acts as an agonist on a large class of cholinergic receptors

Question 32

alcohol

Answer 32

first stimulates then depresses neural activity – antagonist for glutamate, agonist for gaba

Question 33

THC

Answer 33

agonist toward endocannabinoid receptors

Question 34

caffeine

Answer 34

antagonist on adenosine

Question 35

amphetamine

Answer 35

agonist on dopamine

Question 36

heroin

Answer 36

agonist on endogenous opioids

Question 37

morphine

Answer 37

agonist on endogenous opioids

Question 38

cocaine

Answer 38

agonist on dopamine

Question 39

LSD

Answer 39

agonist on serotonin

Question 40

MDMA

Answer 40

agonist on serotonin and dopamine