Chapter 4

Question 1

Agency

Answer 1

Involves personal choice above and beyond the call of nature or nurture

Question 2

Bar Mitzvah

Answer 2

Jewish coming of age ceremony for boys

Question 3

Agents of Socialization (7)

Answer 3

The groups that have significant impact on ones socialization: family, peer group, neighbourhood/community, school, mass media, the legal system, and culture generally

Question 4

Bat Mitzvah

Answer 4

Jewish coming of age ceremony for girls

Question 5

Behaviour Modification

Answer 5

Attempting to change someone’s behaviour using this kind of approach

Question 6

Branding

Answer 6

Days of the twenty-first century, when advertisers try to socialize children at younger and younger ages into social acceptance through their products.

Question 7

Confirmation

Answer 7

One confirming their own christian faith. Similar to a baptism but it is the choice of the participant and not of their parents (generally unless they are baptized at an older age)

Question 8

Culture and personality

Answer 8

The culture and personality school attempted to identify and describe an idealized personality or ‘personality type’ for different societies, both small and large, and attach to it a particular form of family socialization

Question 9

Degradation ceremony

Answer 9

A kind of rite of passage where a person is striped of his or her individuality. E.g. Hazing

Question 10

Desensitization theory

Answer 10

States that increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence.

Question 11

Determinism

Answer 11

The degree to which an individual’s behaviour, attitudes, and other “personal” characteristics are determined, or caused, by a specific factor.

Question 12

Ego

Answer 12

Mediates between the conscious and unconscious while trying to make sense of what the individual self does and thinks.

Question 13

Eros

Answer 13

The drive that tends to be stressed by Freud’s fans and critics. It is a ‘life drive’ that involves pleasure–particularly, but not exclusively, sexual pleasure.

Question 14

Game stage

Answer 14

The third stage In which a child considers simultaneously the perspective of several roles

Question 15

Generalized Others

Answer 15

When one begins to take into account the attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectations of the society she or he has been socialized into.

Question 16

Generation gap

Answer 16

Significant cultural and social differences that produce a lack of understanding between members of different generations

Question 17

Habitus

Answer 17

Is a wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics, including, for example, definitions of “manners” and “good taste,” leisure pursuits, ways of walking, even whether or not you spit in public. Each society has its own habits, its set of shared characteristics.

Question 18

Hurried child syndrome

Answer 18

A situation in which a child, pushed to high levels of accomplishment in school and in after-school activities, experiences adult-liek levels of stress and guilt

Question 19

id

Answer 19

Instinctive drives. We are born with them as a part of our unconscious mind. Eros and Thanatos.

Question 20

Internalize

Answer 20

Norms and values that are observed and incorporated into ones way of being

Question 21

Law of effect (2 parts)

Answer 21

Introduced by Edward Thorndike

1. The first part says that if you do something and it is rewarded, the likelihood of you doing it again increases; the rewarded behaviour is said to be thus ‘reinforced’
2. The second part states that if you do something and it is punished or ignored, then the likelihood of your doing it again decreases.

Question 22

Longitudinal study

Answer 22

Examines data gathered on research subjects over an extended period

Question 23

Looking-glass self (+3 components)

Answer 23

A self-image based on how a person thinks he or she is viewed by others.

1. How you imagine you appear to others
2. How you imagine that others judge your appearance
3. How you feel as a result (proud, ashamed etc.)

Question 24

National character

Answer 24

The personality type of entire nations

Question 25

Observational learning theory

Answer 25

States that children acquire what Huesmann termed “aggressive scripts” for solving social problems through watching violence on television.

Question 26

Oversocialized

Answer 26

A misleading conception of humans as passive recipients of socialization. By D. Wrong.

Question 27

Packaged rebel

Answer 27

An appearance of individuality and countercultural sentiment that is conveyed by clothing and accessories that are, paradoxically, marketed by and purchased from large multinational clothing manufacturers and retailers capitalizing on the desire of consumers to want to appear rebellious.

Question 28

Peer group

Answer 28

A social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position, and interests.

Question 29

Peer pressure

Answer 29

Refers to the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behaviour.

Question 30

Play stage

Answer 30

Where a child engages in role-taking

Question 31

Preparatory stage

Answer 31

Involves more or less pure imitation

Question 32

Primary socialization

Answer 32

Earliest socialization that an individual undergoes in childhood

Question 33

Psychoanalysis

Answer 33

Theory of Sigmund Freud. This considered socialization in terms of a balance of biological and social aspects of human personality.

Question 34

Reproduction

Answer 34

In Bourdieu’s definition, it is the means by which classes, particularly the upper or dominant class, preserve status differences among classes.

Question 35

Resocialization

Answer 35

Takes place whenever an individual shifts into a new social environment. It typically involves both unlearning and learning. E.g. Divorce: going from ‘We’ to ‘I’

Question 36

Rite of passage

Answer 36

A ritual marking a life change from one status to another, typically following some form of training

Question 37

Role-taking

Answer 37

Assuming the perspective of significant others and imagining what those others are thinking as they act.

Question 38

Secondary socialization

Answer 38

Socialization that occurs later in life

Question 39

Significant others

Answer 39

Key individuals–primarily parents, to lesser degree older siblings and close friends–whom young children imitate and model themselves after

Question 40

Superego

Answer 40

Also part of the unconscious, is your conscience. It takes in the normative massages of right and wrong that your parents, family, friends, teachers, and other socializing agents give you, and internalizes them–in other words, it adopts them as something like a personal code of moral behaviour.

Question 41

Swaddling hypothesis

Answer 41

Proposed by Gorer and Rickman. They attributed the apparent ‘moodiness’ of Russians with the fact that they were tightly swaddled as infants.

Question 42

Thanatos

Answer 42

The less celebrated of the two drives, is the “death drive,” an instinct for aggression and violence.

Question 43

Total institution

Answer 43

Institutions that a person was put into involuntarily and that regulate all aspects of ones own individual life.

Question 44

Vision quest

Answer 44

A rite of passage in which an adolescent leaves a community for brief period and goes without eating or sleeping in order to have a vision that will teach him or her such things as what guardian spirit he or she may have and what songs he or she would have have as personal songs.

Question 45

XYY males

Answer 45

Hastily declared a ‘criminal gene’ when a portion of inmates possessed it. It was declared this before the statistics of the rest of the population were obtained. It turns out that the amount of people with this gene in jail is the same percentage as in the regular population.

Question 46

Biological determinism

Answer 46

is a term used in some literature to describe the belief that human behavior is controlled solely by an individual’s genes or some component of physiology.

Question 47

Behaviourism

Answer 47

Is a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural determinist position.

Question 48

Mead’s sequence of socialization (3 stages)

Answer 48

Preparatory, play, and game stage

Question 49

Family

Answer 49

The first and often the most powerful stage of socialization

Question 50

Education

Answer 50

A power socializing agent. Schools are often the first source of information that children receive about a social group other than their own.

Question 51

Voluntary Resocialization

Answer 51

Occurs when someone puts themselves into a new situation. E.g. like a job or school change

Question 52

Involuntary Resocialization

Answer 52

Occurs when someone is forced into a new situation. E.g. Like being fired or residential schools