Chapter 1

Question 1

Archaeology of Knowledge

Answer 1

Foucaults theory about the importance of discovering how individual discourses developed as a way of examining their strengths, weaknesses, and limitations

Question 2

Bourgeoisie

Answer 2

Capitalists

Question 3

Capital

Answer 3

Money or other assets used to generate money, like factories

Question 4

Critical Sociology

Answer 4

Critical sociology reminds professional sociology of its ‘reason for being’, of its value premises and its guiding questions. It also proposes alternative foundations upon which to erect sociological research. In other words, critical sociology is critical in 2 senses, first in bringing professional sociology into alignment with its historical mission and second in shifting the direction of that mission

Question 5

Cultural mosaic

Answer 5

A metaphor frequently used to characterize Canada’s multicultural society, especially in contrast to the melting pot

Question 6

Discourse

Answer 6

A conceptual framework with its own internal logic and underlying assumptions that maybe be readily recognizable to the audience. A discourse involves a distinct way of speaking about some aspect of reality and also suggests that the item under discussion is not a natural attribute of reality but socially constructed and defined.

Question 7

Dramaturgical Approach

Answer 7

a way of approaching sociological research as if everyday life were taking place on the stage of a theatre

Question 8

Conflict Theory

Answer 8

Predicated, first, on the idea that there is conflict in societies. Based on 4 Cs (conflict, class, contestation, and change). Two branches are :Feminism and post-modernism

Question 9

Egalitarian

Answer 9

A classless society, can never truly exist

Question 10

Ethnography

Answer 10

study of community based on extensive fieldwork, whose primary research activities include direct observation and talking with the people observed.

Question 11

Folk Society

Answer 11

Rural peasants and farmers

Question 12

Ideological

Answer 12

based on biases and prejudices, and is therefore distorted

Question 13

Impression Management

Answer 13

the way in which people present themselves publicly in specific roles and social circumstances. Goffman first used the term to discuss the differences between how restaurant staff presented themselves to customers and how they presented themselves to one another behind the kitchen door.

Question 14

Latent Function

Answer 14

Are largely unintended and unrecognized

Question 15

Latent Dysfunction

Answer 15

Are unintended and produce socially negative consequences.

Question 16

Macrosociology

Answer 16

When sociologist engage in research and writing that focus primarily on the ‘big picture’ of society and its institutions

Question 17

Manifest Functions

Answer 17

Are both intend and readily recognized, or ‘manifest’

Question 18

Melting Pot

Answer 18

Image used to portray the assimilation in the United States

Question 19

Microsociology

Answer 19

When our focus is more on the plans, motivations, and actions of the individual or a pacific group

Question 20

Narratives

Answer 20

Makeup an important branch of sociological literature, one recognizing that to understand a person’s situation requires input from words, the “voice,” of that person him- or himself.

Question 21

Objective

Answer 21

depersonalized and distanced from everyday life

Question 22

Policy Sociology

Answer 22

is about generating sociological data for governments and large corporations, to be used in developing laws, rules, and long- and short-term plans

Question 23

Political Economy

Answer 23

an interdisciplinary approach involving sociology, political science, economics, law, anthropology, and history

Question 24

Professional Sociology

Answer 24

Has as its audience the academic world of sociology departments, scholarly journals, professional associations, and conferences.

Question 25

Proletariats

Answer 25

Workers

Question 26

Protestant (work) Ethic

Answer 26

A set of values in early Protestantism that Weber believed led to the modern development of capitalism.

Question 27

Public Sociology (3 traits)

Answer 27

addresses the audience outside of the academy:

1. their ability to discuss even sociological concepts and theories in the English of the college-educated reader
2. The breadth of their sociological interests, which covers much of society even if their research is restricted to a few fields
3. The ability to avoid that pitfalls of undue professionalism

Question 28

Social Fact

Answer 28

Patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside of any one individual but exert social control over all people

Question 29

Social Gospel

Answer 29

developed as an attempt by people trained for the ministry to apply Christian principles of human welfare to the treatment of social, medical, and psychological ills brought by industrialization and unregulated capitalism in Canada, and other European countries during the late nineteenth century.

Question 30

Sociological Imagination

Answer 30

The capacity to shift from one perspective to another– from the political to the psychological; from examination of a single family to comparative assessment of the national budgets of the world… It is the capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote transformations to the most intimate features of the human self– and to see the relationship between the two.

Question 31

Sociology

Answer 31

The social science that studies the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

Question 32

Standpoint Theory

Answer 32

created by smith and challenged traditional sociology on two fronts, both relating to sociology’s preference for objective as opposed to subjective research and analysis.

Question 33

Staples

Answer 33

resources such as fish, fur, minerals, and wheat–shaped that economic and social development of Canada

Question 34

Structural Functionalism

Answer 34

Suggests that approaches contain two-dimensions: functionalism (focuses on how social systems, in their entirety, operate and produce consequences) and structuralism (a way of explaining social forms and their contributions to social cohesion)

Question 35

Subjective

Answer 35

personalized and connected to everyday life

Question 36

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 36

Is an approach that looks at the meaning (the symbolic part) of the daily social interactions or individuals

Question 37

Total Institution

Answer 37

Any one of a ‘range of institutions in which shoe blocks of people are bureaucratically processed, whilst being physically isolated from the normal round of activities, by being required to sleep work, and play within the confines of the same institution.

Question 38

Totalitarian Discourse

Answer 38

Any universal claim about how knowledge or understanding is achieved.

Question 39

Vertical Mosaic

Answer 39

Porter used this to describe the situation he observed in Canadian society, in which systemic discrimination produces a hierarchy of racial, ethnic, and religious groups

Question 40

Class

Answer 40

The division of society into hierarchy of groups, with each group’s position determined by its role in the production of wealth

Question 41

Feminism

Answer 41

correcting centuries of discrimination and male-dominated conceptions of gender roles in order to gain and present an accurate view of the social condition of women

Question 42

Types of feminism (4)

Answer 42

Liberal, Standpoint, Radical, and Psychoanalytic

Question 43

Liberal Feminism

Answer 43

seeks to correct problematic inequalities among the sexes/genders.

Question 44

Radical Feminism

Answer 44

think radical ideas.
Seeks to develop a sisterhood among women to confront patriarchy or withdraw from society into women-only enclaves.
Replace patriarchy with matriarchy.
Identify consensual sex as “a violation”, claim women make better parents, etc.

Question 45

Standpoint Feminism

Answer 45

seeks to legitimate the lived experiences of women.

Question 46

Psychoanalytic Feminism

Answer 46

seeks to explain patriarchy through the use of reformulated theories of Freud.

Question 47

Positivism’s 3 Assumptions

Answer 47

1. There exists an objective and knowledgeable reality (if so science cannot find it)
2. Since all the sciences explore the same, singular reality, overtime all sciences will become more alike (Social sciences and natural sciences = science wars..)
3. There is no room for value judgement (rejected) The moral landscape and environmentalism

Question 48

Comte’s 3 Stages

Answer 48

Theological, Metaphysical, Positive

Question 49

Theological Stage

Answer 49

Prehistory to the end of the Middle Ages (roughly 1300).
It was characterized by it’s religious outlook.
The world and human society were explained as an expression of God’s will and knowledge of the world was gathered as a means to discover God’s intentions.
People would explain what they could see through the actions of spiritual and supernatural beings.
Concluded with the Renaissance and Enlightenment

Question 50

Metaphysical Stage

Answer 50

Renaissance till French Revolution (roughly 1300 to ~1800). Characterized by people questioning everything. People began to questions the power and the teachings of the church. People began to unstained that they could understand the universe through their own insight and reflection.

Question 51

Positive Stage

Answer 51

From the French Revolution on (roughly 1800 onwards). Characterized by the world being interpreted through a scientific lens. Society would be guided by the rules of observation, experimentation, and logic. Sociology was to be the science of society.

Question 52

Sociological Imagination

Answer 52

Your own personal schema. Your intuitory personal experience, biases, etc.

Question 53

Structure

Answer 53

The network of relatively stable opportunities and constraints influencing individual behaviour

Question 54

Agency

Answer 54

The assumption that individuals have the ability to alter their socially constructed lives

Question 55

Seeing the Strange in the Familiar

Answer 55

Durkheim believed that the ‘outsider’ perspective was the best because it doesn’t take anything for granted. They have less assumptions and people cannot be objective.

Question 56

Ethnocentrism

Answer 56

A tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of ones own. This easily leads to misinterpretation.

Question 57

A ‘More’

Answer 57

A rule you must not violate