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A&P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural

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2
Q
  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • Lines internal passageways
  • Forms glands
A

Epithelial tissue

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3
Q
  • Fills internal spaces
  • Supports other tissues
  • Transports materials
  • Stores energy
A

Connective tissue

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4
Q
  • Specialized for contraction

* Skeletal muscle heart muscle and walls of hollow organs

A

Muscle tissue

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5
Q

Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

A

Neural tissue

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6
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A
  • Cellularity
  • polarity
  • attachment
  • vascularity
  • regeneration
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7
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • Provide physical protection
  • control permeability
  • provides sensation
  • produced specialize secretions (granular epithelium)
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8
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions
gap junctions
desmosomes

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9
Q
  • Between two plasma membranes

* adhesion that attaches to terminal Web *prevents passage of water and solutes

A

Tight junctions

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10
Q
  • Allow rapid communication
  • Are held together by channel proteins
  • allow ions to pass
  • Coordinate contractions and heart muscle
A

Gap junctions

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11
Q

Dense areas and intercellular cemented

  • spot desmosomes: tie cells together; allow bending and twisting
  • hemisdesmosomes: attach cells to the basal lamina
A

Desmosomes

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12
Q

Release hormones:

  • into interstitial fluid
  • no ducts
A

Endocrine glands

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13
Q

Produce secretions:
onto epithelial surfaces
through ducts

A

Exocrine glands

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14
Q

Watery secretions

A

Serous glands

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15
Q

Secrete mucins

A

Mucous glands

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16
Q

Both serous and mucus

A

Mixed exocrine glands

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17
Q

3 types of secretions

A

Serous
Mucous
Mixed exocrine glands

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18
Q

Basic features of connective tissue

A

Specialized cells
Solid extracellular protein fibers
Fluid extracellular ground substance
*extacellular protein fibers and ground substance makeup the matrix

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19
Q

Classification of connective tissues

A
  • Connective tissue proper (connect and protect/fibroblast and adipocytes)
  • Fluid connective tissues (transport/blood and lymph)
  • Supporting connective tissues (structural strength/bone and cartilage)
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20
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • est. a structural framework for the body
  • Transport fluids and dissolved materials
  • Protect delicate organs
  • Supporting surrounding and interconnecting other types of tissues
  • Storing energy reserves especially in the form of triglycerides
  • Defending the body from invading microorganism
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21
Q

The most abundant cell type;

  • Found in all connective tissue proper
  • Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)
A

Fibroblasts

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22
Q

The second most abundant cell type;

  • Found in all my connective tissue proper
  • Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper
A

Fibrocytes

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23
Q

Fats cells

Each cells stores a single, large fat droplet

A

Adipocytes

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24
Q

Stem cells that respond to injury or infections

Differentiate into fibroblasts, microphages, etc.

A

Mesenchymal cells

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25
Q

Large amoeba-like cells of the immune system

  • eat pathogens and damaged cell
  • fixed macrophages stay in tissue
  • free macrophages migrate
A

Macrophage

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26
Q

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection
*release histamine and heparin
Basophils are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also contain histamine and heparin

A

Mast cells

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27
Q

Specialized immune cells in lymphatic system
(Lymphoid system)
For example lymphocytes may develop into plasma cells ( plasmocytes ) that produce antibodies

A

Lymphocytes

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28
Q

Phagocytic blood cells

  • respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells
  • for example neutrophils and eosinophils
A

Microphages

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29
Q

Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

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30
Q

Three types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

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31
Q
  • Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
  • long straight and unbranched
  • strong and flexible
  • resist force in one direction
  • for example; tendons and ligaments
A

Collagen fibers

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32
Q

*Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
*Strong and flexible
*Resist force in many directions
*stabilize functional cells and structures
for example; sheaths about organs

A

Reticular fibers

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33
Q
  • Contain elastin
  • branched and wavy
  • return to original length after stretching
  • for example; elastic ligaments of vertebrate
A

Elastic fibers

34
Q

Three types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

35
Q

in adults do not divide (hypertrophy)
• Expand to store fat
• Shrink as fats are released

A

Adipose cells

36
Q

cells divide and differentiate (hyperplasia)
• To produce more fat cells
• When more storage is needed

A

Mesenchymal cells

37
Q

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

A

• Dense Regular Connective Tissue

38
Q

attach muscles to bones

A

Tendons

39
Q

connect bone to bone and stabilize organs

A

Ligaments

40
Q

attach in sheets to large, flat muscles

A

Aponeuroses

41
Q
  • Watery matrix of dissolved proteins

* Carry specific cell types (formed elements)

A

Blood and lymph

42
Q

Formed elements of blood

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets
43
Q
  • Fluid Elements of Connective Tissues

* Extracellular

A
  • Plasma
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Lymph
44
Q

Cardiovascular system (blood)

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
45
Q

• Lymphatic (lymphoid) system (lymph)

A

• Lymphatic vessels

46
Q
  • Gel-type ground substance
  • Composed of chondrocytes
  • For shock absorption and protection
A

• Cartilage

47
Q
  • Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)

* For weight support

A

• Bone

48
Q

No blood vessels

• Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor

A

Cartilage Structure

49
Q
  • Outer, fibrous layer (for strength)

* Inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)

A

• Perichondrium

50
Q
  • Strong (calcified calcium salt deposits)

* Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)

A

Bone or Osseous Tissue

51
Q

• Arranged around central canals within matrix
• Small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access
blood supply

A

Bone Cells or Osteocytes

52
Q
  • Covers bone surfaces
  • Fibrous layer
  • Cellular layer
A

Periosteum

53
Q

Membranes

A
  • Physical barriers
  • Line or cover portions of the body
  • Consist of:
  • An epithelium
  • Supported by connective tissue
54
Q

Four Types of Membranes

A
  1. Mucous membranes (absorb & secret)
  2. Serous membranes (lubricate)
  3. Cutaneous membrane (barrier & protect)
  4. Synovial membranes (cushion)
55
Q

Specialized for contraction

• Produces all body movement

A

Muscle Tissue

56
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

57
Q

• Large body muscles responsible for movement

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

58
Q

• Found only in the heart

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

59
Q

• Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood
vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive, and
reproductive tracts)

A

Smooth muscle tissue

60
Q

(muscle cells with a banded appearance)

A

Striated

61
Q

(not banded; smooth)

A

Nonstriated

62
Q

Muscle cells can be controlled (consciously)

A

voluntarily

63
Q

Muscle cells can be controlled (automatically)

A

involuntarily

64
Q 
• Long and thin
• Usually called muscle fibers
• Do not divide
• New fibers are produced by stem cells (myosatellite
cells)
A

Skeletal Muscle Cells

65
Q

• Called cardiocytes/cardiomyocytes
• Form branching networks connected at intercalated
discs
• Regulated by pacemaker cells

A

Cardiac Muscle Cells

66
Q
  • Small and tapered

* Can divide and regenerate

A

Smooth Muscle Cells

67
Q
  • Also called nervous or nerve tissue
  • Specialized for conducting electrical impulses
  • Rapidly senses internal or external environment
  • Processes information and controls responses
A

Neural Tissue

68
Q

Two Types of Neural Cells

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

69
Q
  • Nerve cells

* Perform electrical communication

A

Neurons

70
Q
  • Supporting cells

* Repair and supply nutrients to neurons

A

Neuroglia

71
Q

Cells restore homeostasis with two processes

A
  1. Inflammation

2. Regeneration

72
Q

Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory

response include:

A
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Pain
73
Q

The tissue’s first response to injury

A

Inflammation = Inflammatory Response

74
Q

Damaged cells release what 3 chemical signals into the

surrounding interstitial fluid

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Proteins
  • Potassium ions
75
Q

As cells break down:

A

• Lysosomes release enzymes that destroy the injured cell and
attack surrounding tissues
• Tissue destruction is called necrosis

76
Q

Injury stimulates mast cells to release these 3 things:

A
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • Prostaglandins
77
Q

Dilation of blood vessels:

A

Increases blood circulation in the area
• Causes warmth and redness
• Brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area
• Removes wastes

78
Q

The Process of Inflammation

A
  • Dilation of blood vessels
  • Increases blood circulation in the area
  • Causes warmth and redness
  • Brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area
  • Removes wastes
  • Plasma diffuses into the area
  • Causes swelling and pain
  • Phagocytic white blood cells
  • Clean up the area
79
Q

• Regeneration

A

• Fibrocytes move into necrotic area
• Lay down collagen fibers
• To bind the area together (scar tissue)
• New cells migrate into area
• Or are produced by mesenchymal stem cells
• Not all tissues can regenerate
• Epithelia and connective tissues regenerate well
• Cardiac cells and neurons do not regenerate (or
regenerate poorly)

80
Q

Aging and Tissue Structure

A

• Speed and efficiency of tissue repair decrease with
age, due to:
• Slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism)
• Hormonal alterations
• Reduced physical activity

81
Q

Aging and Cancer Incidence

A

• Cancer rates increase with age
• 25% of all people in the United States develop cancer
• Cancer is the # 2 cause of death in the United States
• Environmental chemicals and cigarette smoke cause
cancer

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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