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A&P 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are elements determined by

A

Their atomic number

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1
Q

Number of protons plus number of neutrons

A

Mass number

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2
Q

Number of protons

A

Atomic number

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3
Q

Differs in the number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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4
Q

Exact mass of all particles

A

Atomic weight

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5
Q

Electrons in the electron cloud determines

A

The reactivity of an atom

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6
Q

Determines bonding properties

Outermost shell

A

Valence shell

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7
Q

Two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

A

Molecules

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8
Q

Two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds

A

Compounds

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9
Q

Attraction between the opposite charges them draws the two ions together

A

Ionic bond

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10
Q

One atom loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation with a positive charge

A

Electron donor

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11
Q

Gains electrons and becomes an anion with a negative charge

A

Electron acceptor

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12
Q

Involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms

A

Covalent

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13
Q

Sharing one pair of electrons

A

Single covalent bond

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14
Q

Sharing two pairs of electrons

A

Double covalent bond

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15
Q

Sharing three pairs of electrons

A

Triple covalent bond

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16
Q

Involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons

A

Non polar covalent bonds

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17
Q

Involves the unequal sharing or electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionate strong pull on the electrons
Like water

A

Polar covalent bonds

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18
Q

Bond between adjacent molecules not atoms

Involves slightly positive slightly negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another

A

Hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

Changes volume and shape

A

Gas

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20
Q

Constant volume and shape

A

Solid

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21
Q

Constant volume but changes shape

A

Liquid

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22
Q

Types of chemical bonds in order from strongest to weakest

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Covalent
  3. Hydrogen
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23
Q

Attraction between cations and anions

A

Ionic bonds

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24
Q

Weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions

A

Hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

Strong electrical bonds involving shared electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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26
Q

All of the reactants that are occurring at one time

A

Metabolism

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27
Q

Materials going into a reaction

A

Reactants

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28
Q

Materials coming out of a reaction

A

Products

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29
Q

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

A

Chemical energy

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30
Q

The power to do work

A

Energy

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31
Q

Stored energy

A

Potential

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32
Q

Energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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33
Q

A change in mass or distance

A

Work

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34
Q

Types of chemical reactions:

A

Decomposition (catabolism
Synthesis (anabolism)
Exchange
Reversible

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35
Q

At equilibrium the amount of chemicals do not change even though the reactants are still occurring

A

Reversible reaction

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36
Q

Involves decomposition first then synthesis

A

Exchange reaction

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37
Q

Forms chemical bonds

*dehydration/condensation

A

Anabolism/synthesis

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38
Q

Breaks chemical bonds

Involves hydrolysis

A

Catabolism/decomposition

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39
Q

The amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

A

Activation energy

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40
Q

Are protein catalyst that lower the activation energy

A

Enzymes

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41
Q

Produce more energy than they use

A

Exergonic

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42
Q

Use more energy than they produce

A

Endergonic

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43
Q

Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

A

Organic compounds

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44
Q

Essential molecules obtained from food

A

Nutrients

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45
Q

Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen

Ex: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts

A

Inorganic compounds

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46
Q

Molecules made or broken down in the body

A

Metabolites

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47
Q

Accounts for 2/3’s of your body weight

A

Water

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48
Q

Uniform mixture of two or more substances
It consists of a solvent or medium in which atoms ions or molecules of another substance called a solute, are individually dispersed

A

Solution

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49
Q

To moisten and reduce friction

A

Lubrication

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50
Q

Waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solution to make a solution

A

Solubility

51
Q

Most body chemistry occurs in water

A

Reactivity

52
Q

Waters ability to absorb and retain heat

A

Heat capacity

53
Q

Properties of water

A

Solubility
Reactivity
Heat capacity
Lubrication

54
Q

What do ions and polar compounds undergo in water

A

Ionization or dissociation

55
Q

Are inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

A

Electrolytes

56
Q

Interacts with water

A

Hydrophilic

57
Q

Does not interact with water

A

Hydrophobic

58
Q

Amount of solute in a solvent

A

Concentration

59
Q

A solution in which particles settle (sediment)

Ex: whole blood

A

Suspension

60
Q

A solution of very large organic molecules

For ex: blood plasma

A

Colloid

61
Q

Whole blood consists of

A

Formed elements and plasma

62
Q

Red blood cells (99.9% by volume)

White blood cells or leukocytes platelets (0.01%)

A

Formed elements

63
Q

Plasma consists of

A 
Water (92%)
Plasma proteins (7%)
Other solutes (1%)
64
Q

The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements

A

Hematocrit

65
Q

A balance of H+ and OH-

Ex: pure water = 7

A

Neutral pH

66
Q

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

A

pH

67
Q

High H+ concentration
Low OH- concentration
Lower than 7

A

Acidic pH

68
Q

Low H+ concentration
High OH- concentration
Higher than 7

A

Basic or alkaline

69
Q

pH of Human blood

A

7.35-7.45

70
Q

pH scale has what kind of relationship

A

An inverse relationship with H+ concentration
More H+ ions means lower pH /acidic
Less H+ ions means higher pH /basic

71
Q

Solute that adds hydrogen
Proton donor
Strong acids Dissociates completely

A

Acid

72
Q

Solute that removes hydrogen
Proton acceptor
Strong bases dissociate completely

A

Base

73
Q

Solutions that dissociate into cations and anions other that hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

A

Salts

74
Q

Weak acid/salt compounds
Neutralize either strong acid or strong base
Sodium bicarbonate is very important in humans

A

Buffers

75
Q

Basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt

Ex: alka- seltzer, tums, rolaids, etc .

A

Antacids

76
Q 
Contain H,C, and usually O
are covalently bonded 
Contain carbohydrates 
Lipids
Proteins/amino acids
Nucleic acids
A

Organic molecules

77
Q

Contain H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrates

78
Q

Simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

A

Monosaccharides

79
Q

Many monosaccharides condense by dehydration synthesis
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

A

Polysaccharides

80
Q

Two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
Sucrose
Maltose

A

Disaccharides

81
Q 
Mainly hydrophobic molecules such a fats, oils, and waxes
Made of carbon and hydrogen 
Include: 
Fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Glycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids and glycoproteins
A

Lipids

82
Q

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end
Are relatively non polar, except the carboxyl group
May be:
saturated with hydrogen (no covalent bonds)
Unsaturated (one or more double bonds)
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

A

Fatty acids

83
Q

No covalent bonds

A

Saturated with hydrogen

84
Q

One or more double bonds

A

Unsaturated

85
Q

One double bond

A

Monounsaturated

86
Q

Two or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

87
Q

Derived from the fatty acid called arachidonic acid
Signaling molecules made by oxidation of fatty acids
Leukotrienes-active in immune system

A

Eicosanoids

88
Q

Local hormones

Short-chain fatty acids

A

Prostaglandins

89
Q

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

A

Glycerides

90
Q 
Are the three fatty acid tails 
Also called triacylgycerol or neutral fats 
Have three important functions:
1. Energy source 
2. Insulation
3. Protection
A

Triglycerides

91
Q

Triglycerides have 3 important functions

A

Energy source
Insulation
Protection

92
Q

Four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups

A

Steroids

93
Q

Types of steroids

A

Cholesterol
Estrogens and testosterone
Corticosteroids
Bile salts

94
Q

Derived from steroids

A

Bile salts

95
Q

Sex hormones

A

Estrogens and testosterone

96
Q

Metabolic regulation

A

Corticosteroids

97
Q

Components of plasma/cell membrane

A

Cholesterol

98
Q

Phospholipids contains

Components of the plasma membrane

A

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

99
Q

The most abundantly and functionally important organic molecule
Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Basic building blocks - 20 amino acids

A

Proteins

100
Q

Seven major protein functions:

A

Support
Movement
Transport

Buffering
Metabolic regulation
Coordination and control
Defense

101
Q

Five components of amino acid structure:

A 
Central carbon atom
Hydrogen group
Amino group 
Carboxyl group 
Variable side chain or R group
102
Q

What do amino acids form?

How do amino acids bond together?

A

Amino acids form peptide bonds which results to a molecule called a peptide.
The amino acids form peptide bonds by dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid

103
Q

Final protein shape - several tertiary structures together

A

Quaternary structure

104
Q

The sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide

A

Primary structure

105
Q

Secondary structure folds into a unique shape

A

Tertiary structure

106
Q

Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats

A

Secondary structure

107
Q

What is shape based on in proteins?

A

Based on the sequence of amino acids

108
Q

The four protein shapes

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

109
Q

Structural sheet or strands

A

Fibrous proteins

110
Q

Protein function is based on shape

Soluble spheres with active functions

A

Globular proteins

111
Q

Proteins that lower the activation energy

Are not changed or used up in the reaction

A

Enzymes

(Are catalysts)!

112
Q

Loss of shape and functions due to heat or pH

A

Denaturation

113
Q

Large polysaccharides + polypeptides

Promote viscosity

A

Proteoglycans

114
Q

Large protein + small carbohydrate

Includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones and mucus production

A

Glycoproteins

115
Q

Controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

A

RNA

116
Q

Are large organic molecules found in the nucleus which store and process information at the molecular level

A

Nucleic acids

117
Q

Determines inherited characteristics
Direct protein synthesis
Controls enzyme production
Controls metabolism

A

DNA

118
Q

The building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

119
Q

Nucleotides have three molecular parts:

A

A pentose sugar ( deoxyribose and ribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases ( A, G, T, C, or U)

120
Q

Purines;

A

Adenine and Guanine

121
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Thymine -DNA only
Uracil- RNA only

122
Q

Complementary base pairs:

A

Adenine-Thymine
Cytosine-Guanine

In RNA uracil replaces thymine

123
Q

Types of RNA:

A

Messenger RNA -mRNA
Transfer RNA -tRNA
Ribosomal RNA- rRNA

124
Q

Adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high- energy bond to form the high-energy compound ATP

A

Phosphorylation

125
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP

A

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

126
Q

Lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities

A

Metabolic turnover

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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