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A&P 1 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

• Contains axons of motor neurons

A

Ventral root

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2
Q

Contains axons of sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root

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3
Q

Contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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4
Q

Carry both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers

A

Mixed Nerves

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5
Q

Outer layer of spinal cord

A

Dura mater

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6
Q

Middle meningeal layer

A

Arachnoid mater

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7
Q

Inner meningeal layer

A

Pia mater

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8
Q

Functions of the spinal meninges include:

A
  • Protecting spinal cord
  • Carrying blood supply
  • Continuous with cranial meninges
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9
Q

• Viral or bacterial infection of meninges

A

Meningitis

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10
Q

Specialized membranes isolate spinal cord from

surroundings

A

Spinal Meninges

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11
Q

Carries dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

Major categories of disease detected in CSF

A
  • Meningeal infections
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • CNS malignancy
  • Demyelinating disease
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13
Q
  • Is the innermost meningeal layer
  • Is a mesh of collagen and elastic fibers
  • Is bound to underlying neural tissue
A

The Pia Mater

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14
Q
  • Is superficial

* Contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons

A

White matter

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15
Q

• Surrounds central canal of spinal cord
• Contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated
axons
• Has projections (gray horns)

A

Gray matter

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16
Q
  • Dorsal (posterior)

* Connect to peripheral receptors

A

Sensory nuclei

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17
Q
  • Ventral (anterior)

* Connect to peripheral effectors

A

Motor nuclei

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18
Q

The cell bodies of neurons form functional groups

called

A

nuclei

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19
Q

Spinal Cord Summary:

A
  • Spinal cord has a narrow central canal
  • Surrounded by gray matter
  • Containing sensory and motor nuclei
  • Sensory nuclei are dorsal
  • Motor nuclei are ventral
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20
Q
  • Interconnecting branches of spinal nerves

* Surrounded by connective tissue sheaths

A

Peripheral Nerves

21
Q
  • Regional loss of sensory or motor function

* Due to trauma or compression

A

Peripheral Neuropathy

22
Q

The Four Major Plexuses of

Ventral Rami:

A
  1. Cervical plexus
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumbar plexus
  4. Sacral plexus
23
Q

• Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C1–C5
• Innervates neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragmatic
muscles
• Major nerve
• Phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm)

A

The Cervical Plexus

24
Q
  • Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–T1
  • Innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs
  • Nerves that form brachial plexus originate from:
  • Superior, middle, and inferior trunks
  • Large bundles of axons from several spinal nerves
  • Lateral, medial, and posterior cords
  • Smaller branches that originate at trunks
A

The Brachial Plexus

25
Q
  • Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves T12–L4
  • Major nerves
  • Genitofemoral nerve
  • Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
  • Femoral nerve
A

The Lumbar Plexus

26
Q 
• Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves L4–S4
• Major nerves
• Pudendal nerve
• Sciatic nerve
• Two branches of the sciatic nerve
1. Fibular nerve
2. Tibial nerve
A

The Sacral Plexus

27
Q
  • About 10 million

* Deliver information to CNS

A

Sensory neurons

28
Q
  • About 1/2 million

* Deliver commands to peripheral effectors

A

Motor neurons

29
Q

About 20 billion

• Interpret, plan, and coordinate signals in and out

A

Interneuron

30
Q 
A mechanism for
spreading stimulation to
multiple neurons or
neuronal pools in the
CNS
A

Divergence

31
Q

A mechanism for providing
input to a single neuron from
multiple sources

A

Convergence

32
Q

A mechanism in
which neurons
or pools work
sequentially

A

Serial

processing

33
Q

A mechanism in which
neurons or pools process the
same information
simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

34
Q

A positive feedback

mechanism

A

Reverberation

35
Q

• Automatic responses coordinated within spinal cord
• Through interconnected sensory neurons, motor
neurons, and interneurons
• Produce simple and complex reflexes

A

Reflexes

36
Q
  • Rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli
  • Basic building blocks of neural function
  • One neural reflex produces one motor response
A

Neural Reflexes

37
Q 
• The wiring of a single reflex
• Beginning at receptor
• Ending at peripheral effector
• Generally opposes original stimulus (negative
feedback)
A

Reflex arc

38
Q

• Five Steps in a Neural Reflex

A
  • Step 1: Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor
  • Physical or chemical changes
  • Step 2: Activation of sensory neuron
  • Graded depolarization
  • Step 3: Information processing by postsynaptic cell
  • Triggered by neurotransmitters
  • Step 4: Activation of motor neuron
  • Action potential
  • Step 5: Response of peripheral effector
  • Triggered by neurotransmitters
39
Q

• Four Classifications of Reflexes

A
  1. By early development
  2. By type of motor response
  3. By complexity of neural circuit
  4. By site of information processing
40
Q

Basic neural reflexes

• Formed before birth

A

Innate reflexes

41
Q
  • Rapid, automatic

* Learned motor patterns

A

Acquired reflexes

42
Q

• Involuntary control of nervous system
• Superficial reflexes of skin, mucous membranes
• Stretch or deep tendon reflexes (e.g., patellar,
or “knee-jerk,” reflex)
• Visceral reflexes (autonomic reflexes

A

• Somatic reflexes

43
Q

• Control systems other than muscular system

A

Visceral reflexes (autonomic reflexes)

44
Q

• A stretch reflex
• Have least delay between sensory input and motor
output
• For example, stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex)
• Completed in 20–40 msec
• Receptor is muscle spindle

A

Monosynaptic Reflexes

45
Q
  • Stretch reflexes
  • Maintain normal upright posture
  • Stretched muscle responds by contracting
  • Automatically maintain balance
A

Postural reflexes also monosypatic reflex

46
Q
  • More complicated than monosynaptic reflexes
  • Interneurons control more than one muscle group
  • Produce either EPSPs or IPSPs
A

Polysynaptic Reflexes

47
Q 
• Prevents skeletal muscles from:
• Developing too much tension
• Tearing or breaking tendons
• Sensory receptors unlike muscle spindles or
proprioceptors
A

Tendon Reflex

48
Q
  • Move body part away from stimulus (pain or pressure)
  • For example, flexor reflex
  • Pulls hand away from hot stove
  • Strength and extent of response
  • Depend on intensity and location of stimulus
A

Withdrawal Reflexes

49
Q

For flexor reflex to work
• The stretch reflex of antagonistic (extensor) muscle
must be inhibited (reciprocal inhibition) by interneurons
in spinal cord

A

Reciprocal Inhibition

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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