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Honors Intro to Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

A collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bone (the spinal column)

A

Spinal Cord

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1
Q

Th portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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2
Q

behaviors produced by the spinal cord without any help from the brain

A

Spinal Reflexes

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3
Q

Carry messages from special receptors in the skin, muscles, and other internal and external sense organs to the spinal cord, which sends them along to the brain

A

Sensory Nerves

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4
Q

All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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5
Q

Carry orders from the central nervous system to muscles, glands, and internal organs

A

Motor Nerves

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6
Q

Chemical messengers

A

Hormones

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7
Q

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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8
Q

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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9
Q

The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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10
Q

The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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11
Q

A cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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12
Q

Cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neuronal functioning

A

Glia

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13
Q

A neuron’s branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

The part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire

A

Cell Body

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15
Q

Branches at the end of axons

A

Axon Terminals

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16
Q

A neuron’s extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons

A

Axon

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17
Q

A fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron

A

Myelin Sheath

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18
Q

Constrictions in the myelin sheath

A

Nodes

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19
Q

A bundle of nerves fibers (axons and sometimes dendrites) in the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerve

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20
Q

The production of new neurons from immature stem cells

A

Neurogenesis

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21
Q

Immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells

A

Stem Cells

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22
Q

minuscule space in between neurons where the axon terminal of one neuron nearly touches a dendrite or the cell body of another

A

Synaptic Cleft

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23
Q

The site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell

A

Synapse

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24
Q

A brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and the outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulated; it serves to produce an electrical impulse

A

Action Potential

25
Q

Special molecules in the membrane of the receiving neuron’s dendrites (or sometimes cell body)

A

Receptor Sites

26
Q

Tiny sacs in the tip of the axon terminal

A

Synaptic Vesicles

27
Q

A chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

A

Neurotransmitter

28
Q

When a charge reaches a critical level and the neuron will fire

A

Excitatory Effect

29
Q

When a neurotransmitter causes an increase in the negative charge making the neuron likely to fire

A

Inhibitory Response

30
Q

Affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and mood

A

Serotonin

31
Q

Affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, attention, learning, memory, emotion, pleasure and reward, and possibly responses to novelty

A

Dopamine

32
Q

Affects neurons involved in muscle action, arousal, vigilance, memory, and emotion

A

Acetylcholine

33
Q

Affects neurons involved in increases heart rate and the slowing of intestinal activity during stress, and neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotion

A

Norepinephrine

34
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

35
Q

The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; it is released by about 90 percent of the brain’s neurons

A

Glutamate

36
Q

Chemical substances secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs

A

Hormones

37
Q

Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine Glands

38
Q

A hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, that is involved in the regulation of daily biological rhythms

A

Melatonin

39
Q

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, facilitates the ejection of milk during nursing, and seems to promote, in both sexes, attachment and trust in relationships

A

Oxytocin

40
Q

Hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands and that are involved in emotion and stress

A

Adrenal Hormones

41
Q

Hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the development of male and female sexual characteristics; they include androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

A

Sex Hormones

42
Q

Endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

43
Q

Promotes attachment and trust in both sexes in conjunction with oxytocin

A

Vasopressin

44
Q

Increases blood-sugar levels and boosts energy; produced by the outer part of each adrenal gland

A

Cortisol

45
Q

Adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

46
Q

A protein that acts like a garbage collector, picking up serotonin from the synaptic cleft after it has been released and transporting it back to the sending neuron for recycling

A

Serotonin Transporter

47
Q

Neurochemicals that modulate that functioning of neurons and neurotransmitters

A

Neuromodulators

48
Q

Chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates; they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory and are known technically as endogenous opioid peptides

A

Endorphins

49
Q

The removal of disabling of a brain structure to gain better understanding of its function; this method is used only in animals

A

Lesion Method

50
Q

A method of stimulating brain cells, using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on a person’s head; it can be used by researchers to temporarily inactive neural circuits

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

51
Q

A technique that applies a very small electric current to stimulate or suppress activity in parts of the cortex; it enables researchers to identify the functions of a particular area

A

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

52
Q

A recoding of neural activity detected by electrodes

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

53
Q

A technique that isolates the neural activity associated with a specific stimulus

A

Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

54
Q

A method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, for example by using injections of a glucose-like substance containing a radioactive element

A

PET scan (positron-emission tomography)

55
Q

A method for studying body and brain tissue, using agnetic fields and special radio receivers

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

56
Q

A type of magnetic resonance imaging used to study brain activity associated with specific thoughts and behaviors

A

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

57
Q

Specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions

A

Localization of Function

58
Q

The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla and the pons

A

Brain Stem

59
Q

A structure in the brain stem involved in, among other things, sleeping, waking, and dreaming

A

Pons

60
Q

A structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breathing and heart rate

A

Medulla

61
Q

A dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Honors Intro to Psychology (4 decks)

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