Chapter 1

Question 0

pseudoscientific relatives to psychology found on the internet, tv, and in thousands of self-help books

Answer 0

“Psychobabble”

Question 1

The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

Relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement

Answer 2

Empirical

Question 3

The ability and willingness to assess claims and make judgements on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather then emotions or anecdote

Answer 3

Critical Thinking

Question 4

Once several explanations of a phenomenon have been generated, a critical thinker chooses the one that accounts for the most evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions

Answer 4

Occam’s razor

Question 5

The now-discredited theory that different brian areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be “read” from bumps on the skull

Answer 5

Phrenology

Question 6

• 1st psychological experiment
• Founded the school of Structuralism
• Father of psychological science

Answer 6

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 7

• Father of American Psychology
• 1st English textbook in Psychology
• Admitted the 1st female doctoral student
• Founded school of Functionalism

Answer 7

William James

Question 8

“Mental states causes physical outcomes”-Idea of defense mechanism

• Psychosexual theory of personality
• Psychoanalysis
• Dream Interpretation

Answer 8

Sigmund Freud

Question 9

Inspired William James with evolutionary theories. Stated that a biologist’s job is not to merely describe attributes but to figure out how these attributes enhance survival

Answer 9

Charles Darwin

Question 10

An early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of intermediate experience into basic elements

Answer 10

Structuralism

Question 11

An early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness

Answer 11

Functionalism

Question 12

A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

Answer 12

Psychoanalysis

Question 13

A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts

Answer 13

Biological Perspective

Question 14

A field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior

Answer 14

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 15

A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person’s or animal’s actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories

Answer 15

Learning Perspective

Question 16

Focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors

Answer 16

Behaviorists

Question 17

Combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoghts, values, expectations, and interntions. State that people not only learn by adapting to their environment, but also by observing and imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them

Answer 17

Social-Cognitive Learning Theories

Question 18

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behaviors

Answer 18

Cognitive Perspective

Question 19

A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior

Answer 19

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 20

Focus on social rules and roles, how groups affect attitudes and behavior, why people obey authority, and how each of us is affected by other people

Answer 20

Social Psychologist

Question 21

Examine how cultural rules and values, both explicit and unspoken, affect people’s development, behavior, and feelings

Answer 21

Cultural Psychologists

Question 22

A psychological approach that analyzes the influence on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes

Answer 22

Feminist Psychology

Question 23

3 Professional activities of psychologists

Answer 23

1) teaching and doing research in colleges and universities
2) providing health or mental health services
3) Conducting research or applying its findings in nonacademic settings, such as business, sports, government, law, and the military

Question 24

Providing health or mental health services

Answer 24

Psychological Practice

Question 25

The study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application

Answer 25

Basic Psychology

Question 26

The study of psychological issue that have direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings

Answer 26

Applied Psychology

Question 27

Conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition.

Answer 27

Experimental Psychologists

Question 28

Study psychological principles that explain learning and search for ways to improve educational systems. Their interests range from the application of findings on memory and thinking to the use of rewards to encourage achievement

Answer 28

Educational Psychologists

Question 29

Study how people changes and grow over time physically, mentally, and socially. Some specialize in childhood issues; other study adolescence, young adulthood, the middle years, or old age

Answer 29

Developmental Psychologists

Question 30

Study behavior in the workplace. They are concerned with group decision making, employee moral, work motivation, productivity, job stress, personnel selection, marketing strategies, equipment design, and many other issues

Answer 30

Industrial/Organizational Psychologists

Question 31

Design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality. Nearly all of us had firsthand experience with one or more of these tests in school, at work, or in the military

Answer 31

Psychometric Psychologists

Question 32

Generally help people deal with problems of everyday life, such as test anxiety, family conflicts, and low job motivation

Answer 32

Counseling Psychologists

Question 33

Work with parent, teachers, and students to enhance students’ performance and resolve emotional difficulties

Answer 33

School Psychologists

Question 34

Diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems

Answer 34

Clinical Psychologists

Question 35

Anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy

Answer 35

Psychotherapist

Question 36

A person who practices one particular form of therapy: psychoanalysis

Answer 36

Psychoanalyst

Question 37

A medical doctor (MD) who has done a three-year residency in psychiatry to learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders

Answer 37

Psychiatrist