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Honors Intro to Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested

A

Hypothesis

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1
Q

An organized system of assumptions and principals that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships

A

Theory

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2
Q

A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis,which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined

A

Operational Definition

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3
Q

The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen

A

Principal of falsifiability

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4
Q

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own belief

A

Confirmation Bias

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5
Q

repeat studies to verify-or challenge-the findings

A

Replicate

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6
Q

Scientists are expected to submit their results to professional journals, which send the findings to experts in the field for evaluation before deciding whether to publish them. An effort to ensure that the work lives up to accepted scientific standards

A

Peer Review

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7
Q

A group of individuals, selected from a population for study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex

A

Representative Sample

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8
Q

Methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not necessarily causal explanations

A

Descriptive Methods

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9
Q

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated

A

Case Study

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10
Q

A study in which a researcher carefully and systematically observes ad recorded behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation.

A

Observational Study

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11
Q

Purpose if to find out how people or animals act in their normal social environments

A

Naturalistic Observation

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12
Q

Researchers have more control of the situation; Observations made in a laboratory setting

A

Laboratory Observation

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13
Q

Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values

A

Psychological Tests

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14
Q

In test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test

A

Standardize

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15
Q

In test construction, established standards of performance

A

Norms

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16
Q

In test construction, the consistency of score derived from a test, from one time and place to another

A

Reliability

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17
Q

The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

A

Validity

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18
Q

measured by giving the test twice to the same group of people and comparing the two sets of score statistically

A

Test-retest reliability

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19
Q

Computed by giving different versions of the same test to the same group on two separate occasions

A

Alternate-forms reliability

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20
Q

The items broadly represent the trait in question

A

Content validity

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21
Q

Ability to predict independent measures, or criteria, of the trait in question

A

Criterion Validity

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22
Q

Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences; the volunteers may differ fro those who did not volunteer

A

Surveys

23
Q

A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer

A

Volunteer Bias

24
Q

A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena

A

Correlational Study

25
Q

A measure of hoe strongly tow variables are related to one another

A

Correlation

26
Q

Characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described by a numerical scale

A

Variables

27
Q

An association between increase in one variable and increase in another- or between decrease in one and in decrease in another

A

Positive Correlation

28
Q

An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another

A

Negative correlation

29
Q

A measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00

A

Coefficient of correlation

30
Q

apparent associations between two things that are not really related

A

Illusory Correlations

31
Q

A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the research manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another

A

Experiment

32
Q

A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable

A

dependent variable

33
Q

In an experiment, a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition

A

Control Condition

34
Q

Studies in which participants are assigned are called what type(s) of group(s)

A

Experimental and Control Group

35
Q

A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group

A

Random Assignment

36
Q

An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experimental or given by a medical practitioner to a patient

A

Placebo

37
Q

An experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in a n experimental or control group

A

Single-Blind Study

38
Q

Unintended changes in study participants’ behavior due to cues that the experimenter inadvertently conveys

A

Experimenter Effects

39
Q

An experiment in which neither the people being studied nor the individuals running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied

A

Double-Blind Study

40
Q

Descriptive experimental research conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory

A

Field Research

41
Q

Statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data

A

Descriptive Statistics

42
Q

An average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set

A

Arithmetic Mean

43
Q

A commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean

A

Standard Deviation

44
Q

Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study’s results are

A

Inferential Statistics

45
Q

Statistical tests that show how likely it is that a study’s results occurred merely by chance

A

Significance test

46
Q

A good probability that the difference we got in our study is real

A

Statistical Significance

47
Q

A statistical measure the provides, with a specified probability, a range of values within which a population mean is likely to lie

A

Confidence Interval

48
Q

The probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true

A

p value

49
Q

A study in which people (or animals) of different ages are compared at a give time

A

Cross-sectional study

50
Q

A study in which people (or animals) are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time

A

Longitudinal Study

51
Q

An objective, standardized way of describing the strength of independent variable’s influence on the dependent variable

A

Meta-Analysis

52
Q

Statistics that involve a formula for calculating the likelihood of a hypothesis being true and meaningful, taking into account relevant prior knowledge

A

Bayesian Statistics

53
Q

The doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part

A

Informed Consent

54
Q

Used to compare the risk in two different groups of people

A

Relative Risk

55
Q

Uses the actual numbers to find the risk

A

Absolute Risk

Honors Intro to Psychology (4 decks)

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