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Developmental Psychology > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Generations of Childbirth Customs

Pre 20th Century:

A
  • birthing was a modest “female only” ritual
  • use of midwives was predominant
  • death rates high for mother and baby
  • one out of four babies died in first year
  • only 5%of births were in hospitals
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2
Q

Modern Generations: of childbirth

A

• dramatic reductions in death rate due to;
o antibiotics
o prenatal care
o blood transfusions
• 2005 99% of babies born in hospitals
• C sections reduced the number of mother and baby deaths

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3
Q

Humanizing Childbirth a Social Trend

A

• Home births have brought back intimacy of event
• Birthing centers and hospitals
o Soft lights
o Father or partner as coach
o Baby stays in room
• Hospital settings are trying to immolate this, fathers can be in the room during c section, baby being held by mother

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4
Q

Birth Process:

A 
•	Parturition- what brings on labor
o	2 weeks before delivery
o	uterine contractions
o	cervix becomes flexible
o	stimulated by rising estrogen levels
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5
Q

Three Stages of Vaginal Childbirth:

A
  • First stage is the longest the baby is still inside of the body, can be 12-14 hours, cervix has to dilate and reach 10cm for pushing
  • Second stage: can last up to 1 hour, head is moving through cervix and through vaginal canal, second stage ends when body completely outside of the body
  • Third stage is the delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord last 5 to 30 minutes can be up to 60 minutes
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6
Q

Cesarean Delivery:

A

• Up to about 30% of births in US
• Surgically removing baby from uterus through abdomen
• Now horizontal incision
• Harder to recover bc it cuts through all of your abdomen muscle and uterus
• Changing preferences among women and some physicians
• Common with:
o Mother bleeding vaginally
o First and or large babies
o Older moms
o Mothers with previous C-sections
• Once a mom has had a c section the next childbirth will also be c section

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7
Q

Unmediated Delivery

A

• Natural Childbirth: vaginal birth without the use of any type of medication, a prepared childbirth can be natural (Lamaze) mother receives training in fitness, breathing and relaxation
• Traditional cultures- Use of doula
o Experienced helper provides emotional support to mother
o Insurance wont cover it, it’s a coach
• Prepared childbirth:
o Lamaze is the most common controlled breathing

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8
Q

Medicated Deliveries:

A

• Local or regional anesthesia
o Blocks pain receptors in brain
o Induced labor means the child birth is no longer natural
• Relaxing analgesic
• Approximately 60% of women choose pain relief during labor
• Epidural: could be walking to very strong
• Huge push of all natural because 30 years ago the medications given to women affected the baby

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9
Q

Size and Appearance of the newborn

A 
•	Average neonate is
o	20 in and 7.5 pounds
•	Fontanels: soft plates of head
•	Lanugo: Fuzzy prenatal hair
•	Vernix Caseosa: Oily protection against infection, dries and sloths off in a few days
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10
Q

Body Systems of the Newborn

A 
•	Meconium: first stuff pushed out of intestine: stringy waste in fetal intestinal tract
•	Neonatal Jaundice:
o	Yellowing of skin and eyeballs
o	Caused by immaturity of the liver 
o	Half of all babies experience
o	Usually baby does not need treatment
o	Treatment is light
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11
Q

Apgar Scale

A

• Every baby gets this test, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

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12
Q

Neonatal Screen tests

A

• Help detect correctable disorders
o PKU
o Galactosemia
o Hypothyroidism

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13
Q

One of the biggest problems for newborns

A

less than 5.5 lbs is low birth rate

-very low birthrate; 3.5 lbs

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14
Q

Childbirth complications

A
  • Post maturity= pregnancy after 42 weeks
  • Birth trauma
  • Prematurity= pregnancy less than 37 weeks
  • Low birth rate
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15
Q

Low birth weight

A

• 2nd and 3rd Preterm and low birth weight babies are the top to causes of infant death

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16
Q

preterm babies

A
  • intravenous feeding , baby not sucking or mother not lactating
  • Surfactant
  • Isolette: controlled environment like an incubator
  • Kangaroo Care : Skin to skin contact, mom sitting with baby, actually serves as a protective factor
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17
Q

Long-term of low birth rate

A
  • Greater risk of neurological and cognitive impairment
  • Lower academic achievement
  • Social and behavior problems
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18
Q

Post maturity and still birth

A
  • Before 20 weeks = miscarriage

* After 20 weeks = still birth, mother still has to give birth vaginally

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19
Q

Protective Factors for Development

A 
•	Individual Traits
o	Sociability
o	Intelligence
•	At least one supportive adult in child’s life
•	Child has a sense of meaning
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20
Q

Death During Infancy

A

• Primary cuases worldwide:
o Preterm delivery
o Sepsis or pneumonia
o Asphyxiation at birth
• Birth defects are leading cause in the US
• Improvement in US infant mortality rates likely due to SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) awareness

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21
Q

SIDS

A

“Crib Death”
• No explanation
• Sudden death of infant under 1 year of age
• May have underlying biological defect (heart gene mutations)
• May be associated with sleeping on stomach
• Peaks at 2 to 3 months after 6 months it declines rapidly

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22
Q

Deaths from injuries:

A

• 90% of injury deaths in infancy due to:
o Suffocation (neglect cases)
o Motor vehicle accidents (car seat facing back)
o Drowning (don’t leave baby unattended by any kind of water) only takes 3 in of water
o Residential fires or burns

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23
Q

Immunizations

A
  • About 90% all children today are vaccinated
  • Some regions are better vaccinated than others
  • No causal connection between vaccines and autism or other disorders
24
Q

Nutrition:

A

• Breast milk almost always the best food
o More digestible
o Reduces allergic reactions
o Minimizes numerous infections
o May reduce risk of SIDS
o Better cognitive performance
• Recommendation is babies exclusively breast feed for 6 months

25
Q

Bottle Feeding:

A

• Does not reduce emotional bonding between mother and baby
• Necessary for women with infectious illnesses/ preexisting health problems making it impossible for women who can not produce prolactin
• Formula should be iron fortified
Solid food is introduced during the second half of the first year

26
Q

Plasticity:

A
  • Molding the brain through experience
  • Other parts of the brain doing function it normally doesn’t
  • Important with trauma because things can be over come
27
Q

Early senses of touch and pain

A
  • Touch is the first sense to develop
  • Rooting reflex
  • Following that is sense of smell and taste beginning in womb, newborns preferring sweet tastes, fluids and odors may be transmitted though amniotic fluid
28
Q

Sense of Hearing

A
  • Functional before birth

* 3 day old can tell new speech sounds from ones they’ve already heard

29
Q

sense of sight

A
  • least develop sense when born
  • takes 6 months to get 20/20
  • binocular vision depth develops around 4.5 months
30
Q

gross motor skills:

A

• don’t have to be taught they just have to discover these skills

31
Q

Fine motor Skills

A

• large muscle groups physical activity

32
Q

Walk and Gibson: the Visual Cliff

A

Depth perception

6 month approach but not go over ledge

33
Q

Thelens dynamic systems theory

A

Learning occurs through detecting the many features of an environment
With experience babies learn to gauge environment
Babies and children learn through how they engage environment

34
Q

Cultural influences

A

African and West Indian cultures actively encourage early motor strength
Some cultures babies wrapped and swaddled longer
Pace of development and culturally influenced

35
Q

3 Domains of Development:

A

Physical
Cognitive: thinking ability, reasoning, and creativity
Social

36
Q

Behaviorist Approach

A

• Babies are born with the ability to learn
• Classical Conditioning: Learning based on associate conditioning, Pavlov’s dogs
• Operant conditioning
o Reinforcement and punishment
o Bf skinner
o Potty training: treat after they go to the bathroom

37
Q

Infant Memory

A

• Infantile amnesia: inability to remember events prior to age 3 years
• Operant conditioning with mobiles
o Babies can remember mobiles they played with days or weeks ago
o Infants and toddlers can remember toy trains and mobiles

38
Q

Psychometric Approach

A

Psychometric approach is not used much on the 0-3 years

IQ tests

39
Q

• Developmental tests

A

o Bayley Scales of infant and toddler developmet, measures current development not future functioning
o Mental scale
o Motor scale
o Behavior training scale

40
Q

Home

A

• Home observation measurement of the environment (HOME)
• Among other things, assesses:
o Parental responsiveness
o Number of books in the home
o Presence of educational playthings
• Exploration of spaces available, guiding child and communication and social skills, guiding and limiting behavior

41
Q

Early Intervention

A

• Project CARE families that are in need with assistance with learning
• Partners for Learning
• Most effective interventions
o Start early continue through preschool years
o Time intensive
o Provide direct educational experiences
o Include health, family counseling, and social services
o Tailored to individual differences and needs
• Ex. Is VPK in Florida

42
Q

Piagetian Sensorimotor Stage;

A
  • (Came up with the cognitive stages of development children are not adults)
  • 1st stage is the sensory motor stage 0-2 years old, learning through senses and motor activity
  • Schemes begin to develop
  • Primary reactions: learns by doing (1 to 4 months)
  • Secondary: see action get response from another(4-8 months)
  • Tertiary: action gets one pleasing result leading to similar actions to get similar results (12-18 months of age)
43
Q

Types of Imitation

A
  • Piaget thought originally this started later but other than that his research is still valid
  • Invisible: using body parts baby cannot see like mouth
  • Visible: hands and feet parts baby can see
  • Deferred: imitation after a delay
  • Elicited: Imitation based on a explanation only
44
Q

Object permanence

A
  • Prior to 8 months in age a child does not realize that if you cannot see something its still in existence
  • 8 to 12 months you hide toy they look in last place they saw it
  • After a year: you hid I find
45
Q

Representational thinking

A

• Pictorial competence
o Ability to understand the nature of pictures
o Develops about 19 months of age
o Seeing a picture of sun and saying “suh”
• TV for child under 2 is unnecessary because they can not think symbolically

46
Q

Dual representation Hypothesis

A

• Pictorial competence develops slowly because it is difficult for children to simultaneously mentally represent
o A picture and the object the picture represents

47
Q

Info processing Approach

A

• Habituation
o A type of learning in which familiarity is indicatd by reduced response
• Dishabituation
o Increase in responsiveness after presentation with a new stimulus
• Discovering and moving on to new novel ideas

48
Q

Visual Preferences

A

• Novelty preference
o Paying more attention to new visual stimuli
o Demonstating ability to tell new from old or visual recognition memory

49
Q

Information processing: categorization

A

• Perceptual
o Based on how things look birds and planes both have wings and can fly
• Conceptual
o Based on what things are chairs, tables, and sofas are all furniture items

50
Q

I.P. Causality

A

• Understanding that one event causes another
• Allows us to control and predict world
• Develops at around 6 months
o Manipulating a mobile with hands or feet

51
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience: types of memory

A 
•	Looks at the hardware (CNS)
•	Brain areas linked to cognitive development
•	Explicit 
o	Conscious or intentional
o	Facts, names, and events
•	Implicit	
o	Unconscious recall
o	Habits and skills- procedural memory
•	Working
o	Short term storage of active information
52
Q

Social Contextual Approach: Learning from Caregrivers

A

• Interactions with adults during activities
• Helps bridge level of knowledge between adult and child
• Cultural differences
o US children engage in more play activities
o Guatemalan children engage in more work activities
• Guided participation: sitting with the child while watching tv, showing a child how to stack rings

53
Q

Language Development:

A
  • Language: a communication system based on word, grammar and cognitive development
  • Literacy: the ability to read and write
54
Q

Early Vocalizations

A
  • Crying
  • Cooing
  • Babbling
55
Q

Before children speak they communicate through gestures

A
  • Conventional social: waving bye, nodding yes
  • Rep holding arms=pick me up
  • Symbolic: blowing=hot
56
Q

First words happen between 10 and 14 months

A
  • Holophrases: simple syllables that have complete meanings Da=where is daddy?
  • Naming explosion occurs at 16-24 months
57
Q

Adult reading styles with children

A

Describer: adult focuses on describing events in story
Comprehender: encourages child to look deeper into meaning of story
Performance oriented: introduces themes of story

Developmental Psychology (7 decks)

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