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Developmental Psychology > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Generations of Childbirth Customs

Pre 20th Century:

A
  • birthing was a modest “female only” ritual
  • use of midwives was predominant
  • death rates high for mother and baby
  • one out of four babies died in first year
  • only 5%of births were in hospitals
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2
Q

Modern Generations: of childbirth

A

• dramatic reductions in death rate due to;
o antibiotics
o prenatal care
o blood transfusions
• 2005 99% of babies born in hospitals
• C sections reduced the number of mother and baby deaths

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3
Q

Humanizing Childbirth a Social Trend

A

• Home births have brought back intimacy of event
• Birthing centers and hospitals
o Soft lights
o Father or partner as coach
o Baby stays in room
• Hospital settings are trying to immolate this, fathers can be in the room during c section, baby being held by mother

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4
Q

Birth Process:

A 
•	Parturition- what brings on labor
o	2 weeks before delivery
o	uterine contractions
o	cervix becomes flexible
o	stimulated by rising estrogen levels
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5
Q

Three Stages of Vaginal Childbirth:

A
  • First stage is the longest the baby is still inside of the body, can be 12-14 hours, cervix has to dilate and reach 10cm for pushing
  • Second stage: can last up to 1 hour, head is moving through cervix and through vaginal canal, second stage ends when body completely outside of the body
  • Third stage is the delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord last 5 to 30 minutes can be up to 60 minutes
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6
Q

Cesarean Delivery:

A

• Up to about 30% of births in US
• Surgically removing baby from uterus through abdomen
• Now horizontal incision
• Harder to recover bc it cuts through all of your abdomen muscle and uterus
• Changing preferences among women and some physicians
• Common with:
o Mother bleeding vaginally
o First and or large babies
o Older moms
o Mothers with previous C-sections
• Once a mom has had a c section the next childbirth will also be c section

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7
Q

Unmediated Delivery

A

• Natural Childbirth: vaginal birth without the use of any type of medication, a prepared childbirth can be natural (Lamaze) mother receives training in fitness, breathing and relaxation
• Traditional cultures- Use of doula
o Experienced helper provides emotional support to mother
o Insurance wont cover it, it’s a coach
• Prepared childbirth:
o Lamaze is the most common controlled breathing

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8
Q

Medicated Deliveries:

A

• Local or regional anesthesia
o Blocks pain receptors in brain
o Induced labor means the child birth is no longer natural
• Relaxing analgesic
• Approximately 60% of women choose pain relief during labor
• Epidural: could be walking to very strong
• Huge push of all natural because 30 years ago the medications given to women affected the baby

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9
Q

Size and Appearance of the newborn

A 
•	Average neonate is
o	20 in and 7.5 pounds
•	Fontanels: soft plates of head
•	Lanugo: Fuzzy prenatal hair
•	Vernix Caseosa: Oily protection against infection, dries and sloths off in a few days
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10
Q

Body Systems of the Newborn

A 
•	Meconium: first stuff pushed out of intestine: stringy waste in fetal intestinal tract
•	Neonatal Jaundice:
o	Yellowing of skin and eyeballs
o	Caused by immaturity of the liver 
o	Half of all babies experience
o	Usually baby does not need treatment
o	Treatment is light
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11
Q

Apgar Scale

A

• Every baby gets this test, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

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12
Q

Neonatal Screen tests

A

• Help detect correctable disorders
o PKU
o Galactosemia
o Hypothyroidism

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13
Q

One of the biggest problems for newborns

A

less than 5.5 lbs is low birth rate

-very low birthrate; 3.5 lbs

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14
Q

Childbirth complications

A
  • Post maturity= pregnancy after 42 weeks
  • Birth trauma
  • Prematurity= pregnancy less than 37 weeks
  • Low birth rate
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15
Q

Low birth weight

A

• 2nd and 3rd Preterm and low birth weight babies are the top to causes of infant death

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16
Q

preterm babies

A
  • intravenous feeding , baby not sucking or mother not lactating
  • Surfactant
  • Isolette: controlled environment like an incubator
  • Kangaroo Care : Skin to skin contact, mom sitting with baby, actually serves as a protective factor
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17
Q

Long-term of low birth rate

A
  • Greater risk of neurological and cognitive impairment
  • Lower academic achievement
  • Social and behavior problems
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18
Q

Post maturity and still birth

A
  • Before 20 weeks = miscarriage

* After 20 weeks = still birth, mother still has to give birth vaginally

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19
Q

Protective Factors for Development

A 
•	Individual Traits
o	Sociability
o	Intelligence
•	At least one supportive adult in child’s life
•	Child has a sense of meaning
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20
Q

Death During Infancy

A

• Primary cuases worldwide:
o Preterm delivery
o Sepsis or pneumonia
o Asphyxiation at birth
• Birth defects are leading cause in the US
• Improvement in US infant mortality rates likely due to SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) awareness

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21
Q

SIDS

A

“Crib Death”
• No explanation
• Sudden death of infant under 1 year of age
• May have underlying biological defect (heart gene mutations)
• May be associated with sleeping on stomach
• Peaks at 2 to 3 months after 6 months it declines rapidly

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22
Q

Deaths from injuries:

A

• 90% of injury deaths in infancy due to:
o Suffocation (neglect cases)
o Motor vehicle accidents (car seat facing back)
o Drowning (don’t leave baby unattended by any kind of water) only takes 3 in of water
o Residential fires or burns

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23
Q

Immunizations

A
  • About 90% all children today are vaccinated
  • Some regions are better vaccinated than others
  • No causal connection between vaccines and autism or other disorders
24
Q

Nutrition:

A

• Breast milk almost always the best food
o More digestible
o Reduces allergic reactions
o Minimizes numerous infections
o May reduce risk of SIDS
o Better cognitive performance
• Recommendation is babies exclusively breast feed for 6 months

25
Bottle Feeding:
• Does not reduce emotional bonding between mother and baby • Necessary for women with infectious illnesses/ preexisting health problems making it impossible for women who can not produce prolactin • Formula should be iron fortified Solid food is introduced during the second half of the first year
26
Plasticity:
* Molding the brain through experience * Other parts of the brain doing function it normally doesn’t * Important with trauma because things can be over come
27
Early senses of touch and pain
* Touch is the first sense to develop * Rooting reflex * Following that is sense of smell and taste beginning in womb, newborns preferring sweet tastes, fluids and odors may be transmitted though amniotic fluid
28
Sense of Hearing
* Functional before birth | * 3 day old can tell new speech sounds from ones they’ve already heard
29
sense of sight
* least develop sense when born * takes 6 months to get 20/20 * binocular vision depth develops around 4.5 months
30
gross motor skills:
• don’t have to be taught they just have to discover these skills
31
Fine motor Skills
• large muscle groups physical activity
32
Walk and Gibson: the Visual Cliff
Depth perception | 6 month approach but not go over ledge
33
Thelens dynamic systems theory
Learning occurs through detecting the many features of an environment With experience babies learn to gauge environment Babies and children learn through how they engage environment
34
Cultural influences
African and West Indian cultures actively encourage early motor strength Some cultures babies wrapped and swaddled longer Pace of development and culturally influenced
35
3 Domains of Development:
Physical Cognitive: thinking ability, reasoning, and creativity Social
36
Behaviorist Approach
• Babies are born with the ability to learn • Classical Conditioning: Learning based on associate conditioning, Pavlov’s dogs • Operant conditioning o Reinforcement and punishment o Bf skinner o Potty training: treat after they go to the bathroom
37
Infant Memory
• Infantile amnesia: inability to remember events prior to age 3 years • Operant conditioning with mobiles o Babies can remember mobiles they played with days or weeks ago o Infants and toddlers can remember toy trains and mobiles
38
Psychometric Approach
Psychometric approach is not used much on the 0-3 years | IQ tests
39
• Developmental tests
o Bayley Scales of infant and toddler developmet, measures current development not future functioning o Mental scale o Motor scale o Behavior training scale
40
Home
• Home observation measurement of the environment (HOME) • Among other things, assesses: o Parental responsiveness o Number of books in the home o Presence of educational playthings • Exploration of spaces available, guiding child and communication and social skills, guiding and limiting behavior
41
Early Intervention
• Project CARE families that are in need with assistance with learning • Partners for Learning • Most effective interventions o Start early continue through preschool years o Time intensive o Provide direct educational experiences o Include health, family counseling, and social services o Tailored to individual differences and needs • Ex. Is VPK in Florida
42
Piagetian Sensorimotor Stage;
* (Came up with the cognitive stages of development children are not adults) * 1st stage is the sensory motor stage 0-2 years old, learning through senses and motor activity * Schemes begin to develop * Primary reactions: learns by doing (1 to 4 months) * Secondary: see action get response from another(4-8 months) * Tertiary: action gets one pleasing result leading to similar actions to get similar results (12-18 months of age)
43
Types of Imitation
* Piaget thought originally this started later but other than that his research is still valid * Invisible: using body parts baby cannot see like mouth * Visible: hands and feet parts baby can see * Deferred: imitation after a delay * Elicited: Imitation based on a explanation only
44
Object permanence
* Prior to 8 months in age a child does not realize that if you cannot see something its still in existence * 8 to 12 months you hide toy they look in last place they saw it * After a year: you hid I find
45
Representational thinking
• Pictorial competence o Ability to understand the nature of pictures o Develops about 19 months of age o Seeing a picture of sun and saying “suh” • TV for child under 2 is unnecessary because they can not think symbolically
46
Dual representation Hypothesis
• Pictorial competence develops slowly because it is difficult for children to simultaneously mentally represent o A picture and the object the picture represents
47
Info processing Approach
• Habituation o A type of learning in which familiarity is indicatd by reduced response • Dishabituation o Increase in responsiveness after presentation with a new stimulus • Discovering and moving on to new novel ideas
48
Visual Preferences
• Novelty preference o Paying more attention to new visual stimuli o Demonstating ability to tell new from old or visual recognition memory
49
Information processing: categorization
• Perceptual o Based on how things look birds and planes both have wings and can fly • Conceptual o Based on what things are chairs, tables, and sofas are all furniture items
50
I.P. Causality
• Understanding that one event causes another • Allows us to control and predict world • Develops at around 6 months o Manipulating a mobile with hands or feet
51
Cognitive Neuroscience: types of memory
``` • Looks at the hardware (CNS) • Brain areas linked to cognitive development • Explicit o Conscious or intentional o Facts, names, and events • Implicit o Unconscious recall o Habits and skills- procedural memory • Working o Short term storage of active information ```
52
Social Contextual Approach: Learning from Caregrivers
• Interactions with adults during activities • Helps bridge level of knowledge between adult and child • Cultural differences o US children engage in more play activities o Guatemalan children engage in more work activities • Guided participation: sitting with the child while watching tv, showing a child how to stack rings
53
Language Development:
* Language: a communication system based on word, grammar and cognitive development * Literacy: the ability to read and write
54
Early Vocalizations
* Crying * Cooing * Babbling
55
Before children speak they communicate through gestures
* Conventional social: waving bye, nodding yes * Rep holding arms=pick me up * Symbolic: blowing=hot
56
First words happen between 10 and 14 months
* Holophrases: simple syllables that have complete meanings Da=where is daddy? * Naming explosion occurs at 16-24 months
57
Adult reading styles with children
Describer: adult focuses on describing events in story Comprehender: encourages child to look deeper into meaning of story Performance oriented: introduces themes of story

Developmental Psychology (7 decks)

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