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Developmental Psychology > ages 6-11 chapter 7 > Flashcards

ages 6-11 chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

ages 6-11

-growth

A
  • weight: doubles from ages 6-11
    • height about 2-3 inches each year
    • girls retain more fatty tissue than boys
    • african american boys and girls grow faster than Caucasians
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2
Q

nutrition in middle childhood

A
  • children need about 2,400 calories per day

- less than 10 percent of calories should come from saturated fat

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3
Q

-sleep need in middle childhood

A
  • children age 9 need approximately 10 hours a night
    • should be alert in the daytime
    • for a 5 year old the preference is 11 hours, at 9 yrs. they still need 10
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4
Q

Brain Development

A

loss in density of gray matter or “pruning of unused dendrites” you don’t use it you lose it

- increase in white matter, or materials that transmit information
- another measurement used is thickness of cortex
- patterns of development in prefrontal cortex
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5
Q

-Recess time play

A

-games tend to be informal and spontaneous
-boys are more physical
-girls tend to favor games with verbal expression (jump rope)
-rough and tumble play
vigorous play that involves wrestling, kicking, chasing, and screaming
mostly ages 6-11

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6
Q

-Organized Sports:

A
  • approximately 40% of 9 to 13 year olds participate in organized athletics
    • to improve motor skills, sports programs should offer a variety of sports, coach toward skill building, not winning
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7
Q

body image

A

-your belief for how you look

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8
Q

-Acute Medical Conditions

A

Occasional and short term

-infections, allergies, flu, warts

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9
Q

chronic medical conditions

A

stuttering

	- regarded as neurological condition
	- 4 times more common in boys as girls
- Asthma
	- chronic respiratory disease, about 12% of children
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10
Q

-accidental injuries

A
  • leading cause of death for this age range
    • as children take part in more physical activity and are supervised less, accidents are more common
    • 88% of brain injuries could be prevented by using helmets
    • high risks from snowmobiles and trampolines
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11
Q

-Cognitive Advances: Spatial relationships and causality

A
  • concrete-operational children have a clearer idea of distance from place to place
    • better use of maps and models
    • from 7-12 years old
    • develop logical thinking but not abstract thinking
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12
Q

-Cognitive advances: categorization

A

Seriation: arranging objects in a series, based on a dimension ex. lightest to darkest
transitive inference: knowing the relationship between two objects, based on the relationship to a 3
-class inclusion: ability to see relationship between a whole and its parts

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13
Q

-Cognitive Advances: reasoning

A

-inductive ; starting specific and making generalizations (my dog barks your dog barks all dogs bark)
-deductive: starting general and then making specific statements (All dogs bark. spot is a dog. spot barks!)
(in concrete observation thinking they typically are only using inductive reasoning)

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14
Q

3 stages of Piagetian moral reasoning

A
  • immature moral judgements center on the degree of offense
    • obedience to authority ages 2-7
    • increasing flexibility and autonomy (ages 7-11) what is fair
    • Notion of equity around age 11 or 12; where someone understands people can be treated differently
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15
Q

Information Processing

A
  • executive function- conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions
    • prefrontal cortex develops
    • processing speed improves: how you take information in
    • home environment
    • selective attention: ability to shut out distractions
    • working memory increases
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16
Q

-Meta memory

A

knowledge about the processes of memory

improvements in the speed as well as the memory storage capacity

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17
Q

-Mnemonics:

A
  • any technique or strategy that is used to remember information
    • external memory aids, rehearsal, organization, elaboration
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18
Q

-Examples of Intelligence tests

A
  • otis Lennon school ability test

- WISC-III

19
Q

-the IQ Controversy

A

-in favor of using IQ tests: extensive information about validity and reliability, scores from middle childhood are fairly good predictors of school achievement
-Criticisms of IQ tests: the tests can underestimate children who do not test well, the
tests do not directly measure native ability only test current knowledge

20
Q

-Factors affecting IQ scores:

A 
Brain development
	schooling
		children whoose schooling is delayed scorer lower on IQ test, scores drop during 
	summer vacation
	SES
21
Q

-Cultural Concerns for IQ tests

A

cultural bias, culture free, culture free, culture fair, culture relevant (is the ideal)

22
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

8 ; linguistic, logical, mathematical, bodily, intrapersonal, interpersonal

23
Q

-Stern burg theory of intelligence

A

componential, experimental

24
Q

-Language: vocabulary, grammar, and syntax

A
  • children uses increasingly precise verbs
    • syntax-correct organization of language
    • children start to use of passive voice
25
- Pragmatics:
- the practical use of language to communicate | - - use of conversational skills, asking questions before introducing topic
26
Second language education
- english immersion; children are immersed in english - bilingual education: children are taught in 2 languages, first in native language then English - two way dual language learning: native English speakers and english language learners learn together in both languages
27
Reading
children identify print in two ways: decoding: emphasizes phonetic, or code-emphasis approach Visually based retrieval: whole language approach Usually teaching a blending of this
28
Writing Skills:
- develop along with reading - early compositions are short - child must keep in mind many restraints: spelling, punctuation, grammar, capitalization
29
Influences on School Achievement:
Self efficacy beliefs: child's realization that they can do something Gender Parenting practices SES and social capital educational system and school environment
30
Children with learning problems
Mental retardation= intellectual disability IQ score of 70 or less along with deficiencies in behavior before age 18 learning disabilities (LD) Dyslexia Hyperactivity and attention deficits (ADHD, ADD) issues of diagnosis, heritability, and drug therapies
31
Education Children with Disabilities
individuals with disabilities education act ensures free, appropriate public education for all children with disabilities Inclusion programs, integrating disabled and non disabled children for all or part of the day
32
Identifying gifted children
criterion is high general intelligence IQ score of 130 or higher tends to exclude
33
Educating Gifted Children
enrichment broadens knowledge through classroom activities, research activities, field trips Acceleration speeds up education through grade skipping, fast paced classes or advanced classes
34
Self Esteem:
- Erikson's crisis of industry vs. inferiority - virtue of COMPETENCE - successful resolution of crisis - seeing the self as able to master skills and complete tasks - includes social support from family and friends
35
Emotional Growth and prosocial behavior
by age 7 or 8 children are aware of feeling shame, guilt and pride emotional self regulation: involves voluntary control over emotions, attention and behavior - they are aware of their culture's rules for expressing emotion
36
Family Atmosphere:
- Children exposed to parental discord had high levels of - internalizing: behaviors, anxiety, fearfulness and depression - Externalizing behaviors: aggressiveness, fighting, disobedience, and hostility
37
Parenting issues in middle childhood
- coregulation: parent and child share power, parent =general supervision child=self regulation
38
Effects of Peer Relationships
-positive: develop sociability and intimacy skills learn leadership and communication skills gain a sense of belonging -Negative; cliques, reinforce prejudice, foster antisocial tendencies -prejudice: unfavorable attitude about people outside of your own particular group
39
Types of Aggression:
-Instrumental and proactive aggression view coercion as an effective means to get their way -Hostile Aggression: aim to hurt the victim, social or physical -aggressors may have hostile attribution
40
Conduct Disruptive Disorders
- Oppositional defiant disorder ODD must be present for at least 6 months, negative, hostile and defiant - Conduct disorder (CD) repetitive pattern of aggressive disorder later turns to anti social disorder in the last 6 months.
41
Anxiety or Mood Disorders
school phobia/ social phobia - separation anxiety disorder - generalized anxiety disorder has to persist for at least 6 months - obsessive compulsive disorder has intrusive obsessions that they cannot stop thinking over, behavior to decrease anxiety - childhood depression (just called depression) can look different than in an adult
42
Treatment techniques for disorders
- individual psychotherapy - family therapy - behavior therapy or modification - art therapy - play therapy
43
Drug Therapy
anti depressants stimulants tranquilizers antipsychotic medications
44
The resilient child
children who maintain composure under challenge or threat children who bounce back from trauma protective factors: good family relationships, good cognitive functioning

Developmental Psychology (7 decks)

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