Ages 0-3 years Flashcards
• Personality is comprised of
emotions, temperament, thoughts, and behavior
Looking at how personality is intertwined in personal relationships
• Emotions
• Emotions
Subjective responses to experience (no standard) (they can change and be altered person to person)
Sadness, joy, fear
Associated with
Pysiosocial changes: emotion and how they mature and develop over
Behavioral changes
Expressions depend upon culture and personality
• First signs of emotion:
It is obvious when newborns are upset
Piercing cries, flailing of limbs, stiff body
Types of cries
Hunger
Pain
FrustrationMore difficult to tell when the newborn is happy because they could be quiet
Giggling
• Emotions: first month
o Baby becomes quiet at: • Sound of human voice • Being picked up o Baby smiles when gently moved “patty cake” o Smiling and cooing
• Smiling and Laughing:
o Involuntary smiles • Appear at birth • Result of subcortical brain activity o Waking smiles after one month • Considered more social • Elicited through gentle jiggling, tickling or kissing
• Self Emotions
o Self Awareness • A realization that ones existence is separate from others • By age 3 could be earlier o Self consciousness • Depends on having self awareness • Embarrassment and empathy
• Self-Evaluative Emotions
o Pride, shame, and guilt
o Require self awareness and knowledge of socially accepted behaviors
o Children compare their own thoughts and behaviors against what is socially ok
• Empathy
o Ability to put oneself in anothers place
• Requires social cognition
• Understanding that others have thoughts and feelings
• Ideas about others feelings are used gauge own behavior
• Egocentrism absences of empathy
• Brain Growth and Emotional Development
o 4 major shirt:
• Cerebral cortex becomes functional
• Frontal lobes interact with the limbic system
• Infant develops self awareness and consciousness
• Hormonal changes coincide with evaluative emotions
• Temperament
o A biological predisposition of reactivity
o Highly heritable and stable
o Generally, how mellow are you from situation to situation
o Inborn stable in time, heritable
o Can be suppressed or modified
• Three temperaments
o Easy: • Generally happy • Responds well to change and novelty o Slow to warm up • Generally mild reactions • Hesitant about new experiences but warms up to it o Difficult • Irritable • Intense emotional responses • Does not do well with change but not necessarily good or bad
• Goodness of Fit
o Refers to the appropriateness of the environment and constraints as it relates to the child’s temperament
o Adjustment is easiest when the child’s temperament matches the situation
• Physically
• Socially
• Culturally
o A reserved 3 year old when introduced to new people sits quiet until she feels out environment- slow to warm up
o Goodness of fit would be giving the child the time to warm up
o Creates less guilt and anxiety and they are less hostile
• The Mother’s Role: Harry Harlow
o Research with rhesus monkeys o Newborns placed with “foster mother” • Cloth mother offered no food • Wire mother provided food o Babies preferred cloth mother o The importance of contact comfort o Showed the importance for attachment of something soft and physically comforting over food
• The Father’s Role
o Entails emotional commitment and direct involvement
o Amount of involvement can vary greatly
o In the US father involvement has increased dramatically since 1970’s
• More women work outside the home
• Gender differences
o Gender: what is means to be male or female
o Gender typing
• Socialization by which children learn gender roles
• Parents important in socialization
o We are born with our sex, socialization determines gender
o How children learn to be male or female
o Fathers tend to treat boys and girls differently than mothers
o Measurable difference are few if at all in males and females
o Behavioral differences between 1 and 2 years
• Boys play more aggressively
• Word choices
• Perceptions of gender
• Basic trust vs. basic mistrust
o Newborns and infants develop a sense of reliability of people and objects
o Erikson Stage 1: basic trust
• Sensitive, responsive and consistent care
• “ Can I count on you to feed me when I’m hungry?”
• Infancy to 18 months
• Developing the virtue of hope and that needs and desires would be fulfilled
• Not getting these things would negatively affect a person for the rest of their life developing mistrust
• Attachment
o Reciprocal and enduring bond between child and caregiver
o Studied by Mary Ainsworth
• “Strange situation” experiment
o Secure: plays freely when mother is near happy when mother returns
o Insecure resistant: hovers around mother angry when mother returns
o Disorganized: inconsistent and erratic seems overwhelmed by stress
• Influences on attachment
o Parental • Level of warmth and responsiveness • Employment and amount of separation • Own memories about their attachment o Baby’s temperament • A parents level of warmth and responsiveness should not be influenced by the baby’s temperament
• Long term effects of attachment
o More securely attached children develop good relationships with others
o Larger vocabularies
o Higher levels of curiosity and self confidence
o Preparation for adult intimacy
• Mutual regulation of Emotions
o Infant and caregiver responding to each other’s emotional states
o Social referencing
• Baby’s attempt to understand an ambiguous situation by seeking out cues from caregiver
• What would baby do if you said “yech” to a toy?
• Emergence of Self Concept
o Self concept: the image of ourselves o Personal agency (4 and 10 months) • I can make that move o Self efficacy • I’m great at making it move! o Self awareness (toddlers 2ish) • Knowledge of the self as a distinct being • Rouge test
• Autonomy vs. Shame
o 2nd stage
o 2 year olds
o Autonomy: ability to do things alone,
• A shift from external control to self control
• Emerges from trust and self awareness
• Terrible 2’s (social constructed word lack of knowledge)
o Shame and doubt
• Help toddler recognize need for limits
o Role of parent is to help child understand the need for a limit
• Moral Development
o Socialization
• How children develop habits and values that make them productive members of society
o Internalization
• Making the standards of society your own
• Developing Self Regulation
o Having control over own behavior
o Conforming with caregiver’s standard… even if caregiver is not present
o Depends on attentional processes
• Ability to monitor negative emotions
