Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Moods
A
Pervasive qualities of an individuals emotional experience, as in depressed mood, anxious mood or elated mood
2
Q
Unipolar
A
Pertaining to a single pole, or direction as in unipolar (depressive) disorders
3
Q
Bipolar
A
Characterized by opposites, as in bipolar disorder
4
Q
How are mood disorders measured
A
Mood Thermometer
5
Q
What is a Major Depressive Disorder
A
- Severe depressive disorder characterized by the occurrence of major depressive episodes in the absence of history of manic episodes.
- Person experiences either a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in all or virtually all activities for a period of at least 2 weeks
6
Q
Features of Major Depressive Disorders
A
- Depressed mood
- Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities
- Lack of energy or motivation
- Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
Look away from grief
7
Q
Risk factors of Depressive Disorders
A
- Age
- Socioeconomic status
- Marital status
- Women are nearly twice as likely as men
- Ethnicity
8
Q
More features of Major Depressive Disorders
A
- Hopelessness
- Cognitive errors
- Negative Attributions (blaming themselves)
- Low perceived competence or self efficacy
- Low self esteem
9
Q
Social Media In Depression in Childhood and Adolescence
A
- Artificial way to socialize
- Less emotionally fulfilling
- Misses non verbal communication completely
- Poor way to develop social skills
- Fosters feelings of alienation, disconnect from others
10
Q
Effects of Social Media in Depression of C/A
A
- More subject to trolling and bullying
- More screen time means less physical activity
11
Q
___________ can be present in severe forms of MDD
A
Delusions Psychosis
12
Q
Dysthymia
A
- Chronic Low grade depression that can last years
- They feel helpless to change, have resigned themselves to a dull and unsatisfying life with little joy
- They have trouble enjoying life even when good things happen
13
Q
Effects of Dysthymia
A
- Low mood
- Fatigue
- Dull outlook
- Poor Concentration
- Poor appetite and sleep patterns Look
14
Q
Differences between Dysthymia with MDD
A
- Dysthymia lacks the inappropriate guilt and feelings of worthlessness associated with MDD
- Less intense thoughts of self harm or suicide compared to MDD
- Difficult to detect sometimes. The depression become ‘endemic’ with the personality
15
Q
Bipolar Disorder
A
Fluctuations in mood in both directions that exceed the usual ups and downs of everyday life
16
Q
Bipolar 1 Disorder
A
- Characterized by manic episodes
- Cycles of elated and depressed mood states alternate with intervening periods of normal mood
- Manic episode
- Periods of unrealistically heightened euphoria, extreme restlessness and excessive activity characterized by disorganized behaviour and impaired judgement
- Episodes last from a few weeks to several months
17
Q
Effects of Bipolar 1 Disorder (Manic Episode)
A
- Increased energy or activity
- Inflated self esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- Distractability
- Argumentative
18
Q
How is speech and ideas during Manic episode
A
Pressured speech: outpouring of speech in which words seem to surge urgently for expression
Rapid flight of ideas: Rapid speech and changes of topic
19
Q
Bipolar 2 Disorder
A
- Characterized by periods of major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes. Manis is experienced as less severe
- Hypomania: Milder form of manic
- Inflated sense of self esteem, feel unusually charged with energy, restless and irritable
- May be able to work long hours with little fatigue or need for sleep
20
Q
Cyclothymic Disorder
A
- Characterized by a chronic pattern of mild mood swings between depression and hypomania
-Not of sufficient severity to be classified as bipolar disorder - Usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood
- May persist for years
21
Q
Factors that contribute in development of depressive and bipolar disorders
A
- Biological
- Psychological
- Social
- Enviromental
22
Q
Relationship between stress and depression
A
- Stressful life events may contribute to depression
- Depressive symptoms themselves may be stressful or lead to additional sources of stress, such as divorce or loss of employment
23
Q
What does Psychodynamic Perspective effects
A
- Focus on inner, often unconscious, determinants of mood disorders
- Focus on the role of loss in depression
- Mourning: Normal feelings of a grief following a loss
24
Q
Learning perspectives with coping
A
- Focus on situational factors in examining depression
- Focus of the loss of positive reinforcement from the environment
- Interacrional theory is based on the concept of reciprocal interaction
25
Cognitive Triad of Depression
- Depression derives from the adoption of negative views of oneself, the world, and the future
- Cognitive distortions
26
Learned Helplessness model
- People learn to view themselves as helpless to control the reinforcements in their environments or to change their life’s to be better
27
The Reformulated Helplessness theory
Attribution style
- Personal style for examining cause and effect relationships between events
28
Attributions that increase vulnerability to depression
- Internal
- Global
- Stable
29
Genetic Factors in Biological Perspective
- MDD is moderately heritable
- Bipolar disorder has 80% risk
- Biochemical factors
- Imabalance of neurotransmitters
- Brain Abnormalities
- Prefrontal cortex, temporal and limbic system
30
Treatment with Psychodynamic Approach
- Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
31
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
A brief, psychodynamic form of therapy that focuses on helping people resolve interpersonal problems
32
Treatment in Behavioural Approaches
- Modify Behaviours
- Behavioural Activation
33
Behavioural Activation
Encourages patients to increase their frequency of rewarding or enjoyable activities
34
Cognitive therapy
Clients learn to recognize and change their dysfunctional thinking patterns
35
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- Effective treatment in childhood and adolescence
- usually involves a coping skills model in which children or adolescents receive social skills training
36
Biological Approach to Treatment
- Antidepressant drugs
- Lithium
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
37
Rates of suicide is higher in
Middle Aged and elderly men
38
Suicide in Children and Youth
- Uncommon in children under age of 10
- Second leading cause of death among youth aged 10-19
- Girls are three times more likely than boys to attempt suicide
- boys are more likely to succeed
39
Who is at a higher risk of age for suicide in children and youth
Late adolescence or early childhood (aged 15-24)
40
What is suicide dependant on
MDD
Bipolar
Alcohol
Drug dependence
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
41
How do you predict suicide?
- Role of helplessness
- Disposing of their possessions
- Sudden try to sort out their affairs, by drafting a will or buying a cemetery plot
42
How do u prevent suicide?
1. Draw the person out
2. Be sympathetic
3. Suggest that means other than suicide can be discovered to work out their problems
4. Ask how the person expects to commit suicide
43
What it do for suicide prevention
1. Propose that the person accompany you to see a professional right now
2. Do not degrade by saying something like “You are talking crazy”
3. Do not press the suicidal person to contact specific people such as parents or a spouse
