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Drugs and Behaviour > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters in synapse reabsorbed into sending neurons

A

reuptake

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters in synapse are destroyed by enzymes in the synapse

A

degradation

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3
Q

enzymes that alter the functioning of other proteins, including ion channels and receptors

A

kinase

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4
Q

a protein is a chain of building block molecules called:

A

amino acids

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5
Q

in the peripheral nervous system, groups of cell bodies are called ____ and the bundles of axons are called ____

A
  1. ganglia
  2. nerves
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6
Q

what is tyrosine

A

a common precursor. leads to Ldopa which leads to dopamine which leads to norepinephrine which leads to epinephrine

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7
Q

depolarisation

A

the membrane potential becomes LESS negative

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8
Q

what are the three catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

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9
Q

the cell is covered by a membrane which contains ____

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

which dopamine production area is part of the incentive learning system

A

ventral tegmental area

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11
Q

the major excitatory system

A

glutamate

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12
Q

these projections are involved in autonomic nervous system activity as well as posture, balance, and motor movement

A

descending reiticular formation

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13
Q

what is the resting mV

A

-70 mV

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14
Q

what would happen if you didnt have myelin

A

ion channels would open slowly

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15
Q

what are the two main types of cells

A

neurons and glia cells

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16
Q

what are the three passive processes

A
  1. diffusion
  2. electrostatic charge
  3. differential permeability
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17
Q

the birth of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

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18
Q

the inside of the neuron is ___ (positive or negative) relative to the outside

A

negative

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19
Q

Junction between terminal of sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron

A

the synapse

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20
Q

which neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use

A

norepinephrine

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21
Q

morphine-like molecules that bind to opioid receptors

A

opioid type peptides

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22
Q

which brain region is involved in memory for locations in space and behavioural classical conditioning

A

the basal ganglia

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23
Q

what are the (7) ways drugs can effect neurotransmission

A
  1. receptor agonism
  2. receptor antagonism
  3. change in enzyme activity
  4. alter transmitter reuptake
  5. alter activity of second messenger
  6. interfere with ion channels
  7. change amount of transmitter released
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24
Q

special gated ion channels that are sensitive to the number of positive charges inside the cell

A

voltage gated ion channels

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25
Q

Neuron produces several action potentials close in time

A

temporal summation

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26
Q

people with damage to the ____ are slow, clumsy, and my appear to be intoxicated by alcohol

A

cerebellum

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27
Q

Made up of all the sensory nerves from the conscious senses and to consciously controlled motor regions

A

somatic nervous system

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28
Q

pyramidal motor system

A

the system that connects the motor cortex to the muscles

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29
Q

supply neurons with oxygen and nutrients and remove dead waste

A

glia cells

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30
Q

An EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential) makes the cell _____

A

less negative

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31
Q

this neurotransmitter is involved in attention, sleep and wakefulness, feeding behaviours, and emotion

A

norepinephrine

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32
Q

Explain a PET scan

A

participant ingests a radiated tracer (often glucose). we can track where that glucose is being used up the most which signals that region is being activated

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33
Q

vital component of the brains reward circuit for reinforcers

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

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34
Q

___ is a groove, ____ is a really deep groove

A
  1. sulcus
  2. fissure
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35
Q

muscarinic receptors are blocked by what

A

atropine (like the eye doctor drops) and scopolamine

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36
Q

excitatory

A

positive ions enter the cell making it less negative

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37
Q

the means by which the brain and spinal cord receive information from and allow us to interact with the environment

A

somatic nervous system

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38
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

binding sites directly connected to a gated ion channel

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39
Q

help to maintain communication by shielding neurons

A

glia cells

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40
Q

motor area of the brain that is interconnected with the basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra

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41
Q

exitotoxicity

A

overstimulation of glutamate receptors can be toxic, leading to cell death

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42
Q

a chemical that is synthesised and released by neurons to modulate the effects of neurotransmitters

A

neuromodulators

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43
Q

the autonomic nervous system is concerned with:

A

sensory info we are usually unaware of (i.e. hormone levels, blood pressure, etc.)

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44
Q

these ion channels open and close in response to specific stimuli. they are not involved in resting potential

A

gated ion channels

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45
Q

what are the two glutamate receptors

A

ion channel associated (ionotropic) and G protein coupled (metabotropic)

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46
Q

which neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system use

A

acetecholine

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47
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potentials are quicker along myelinated axons vs unmyelinated axons as they jump from node to node

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48
Q

what are the four criteria to be considered a neurotransmitter

A
  1. synthesised within the neuron
  2. released in response to cell depolarisation
  3. binds to receptors that alter the postsynaptic cell
  4. removed or deactivated by some mechanism in the synaptic cleft
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49
Q

hyperpolarisation

A

the membrane potential becomes MORE negative

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50
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system deals with fight or flight response

A

the sympathetic division

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51
Q

During the _________ Na ions rush into cell and fully depolarize it

A

action potential (AP)

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52
Q

explain an MRI

A

uses a powerful magnet that forces alignment of hydrogen atoms. electromagnetic energy waves are directed into the body which will cause the atoms to begin resonating which can then be used to create an image during the relaxation phase where energy is released

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53
Q

receptor sites are situated on the extracellular portion of a long signal protein that weaves back and forth across the cell membrane several times

A

metabotropic receptors

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54
Q

what are the two functional units of the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. the somatic nervous system
  2. the autonomic nervous system
55
Q

the largest part of a cell

A

the soma/cell body which contains the nucleus and structures for the cells life processes

56
Q

____ ion channels are always open but are specialised so that only certain ions can pass through

A

nongated ion channels

57
Q

the brains “pleasure pathway”

A

medial forebrain bundle

58
Q

stimulation of some raphe nuclei causes _____

A

sleep

59
Q

the tendency for similar electrical charges to repel each other and opposite electrical charges to attract one another

A

electrostatic charge process

60
Q

which type of brain imaging uses a radiotracer

A

PET (positron emission tomography) Scans

61
Q

the substantia nigra projects dopamine into the _____

A

dorsal striatum

62
Q

responsible for receiving sensory information from outside the body, integrating and storing information, and controlling the action of muscles and glands

A

neurons

63
Q

specialised nerve cells that are depolarised or hyperpolarised by events in the environment

A

sensory neurons

64
Q

“we say that action potentials are _____ because they reach the axon terminal with the same strength as when they were initiated near the axon hillcock”

A

nondecremental

65
Q

what system is responsible for involuntary motor movements

A

the extrapyramidal motor system

66
Q

where does the ventral tegmental area project dopamine

A

ventral striatum

67
Q

the output side of the basal ganglia (where projections from the striatum are sent)

A

the globus pallidus

68
Q

A drug that serves as a precursor is a:

(agonist or antagonist)

A

agonist

69
Q

the strengthening of connections between neurons

A

synaptic plasticity

70
Q

An IPSP (inhibitory post-synaptic potential) makes the cell ______

A

more negative

71
Q

the stronger the depolarising stimulus the faster the membrane will fire. this is called the:

A

rate law

72
Q

What is a ligand

A

generic name for a neurotransmitter

73
Q

important in controlling voluntary movement, eye movement, etc.

A

basal ganglia

74
Q

maintains homeostasis in the body

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

fatty material which coats sections of the axon

76
Q

it is made up of cell bodies and synapses with interneurons

A

the spinal cord

77
Q

in the central nervous system, groups of cell bodies are called ____ and the bundles of axons are called ____

A
  1. nuclei or centers
  2. tracts
78
Q

Concerned with sensory systems that are normally regulated unconsciously

A

autonomic nervous system

79
Q

between the presynaptic terminal buttons and the postsynaptic cell is a small gap called the:

A

synaptic cleft

80
Q

what do opioid type peptides do

A

involved in thinks like blood pressure, food/fluid intake, pain sensitivity, sexual behaviour, the reinforcement of drugs and rewards, among other things

81
Q

serotonin and melatonin are what type of monoamines

A

indoleamines

82
Q

Neurotransmitters are released and bind but they do not stay there forever because:

A

otherwise there would be a seizure

83
Q

what are the two amino acid neurotranmitters

A

glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

84
Q

patterns of gene activation and silencing

A

epigenome

85
Q

processes emotions, particularly negative ones like fear and anger

A

amygdala

86
Q

thalamus

A

relay centre that transmits sensory info as well as nonsensory motor messages from the cerebellum

87
Q

responsible for processing emotional stimuli, and both conditioned and unconditioned fear

A

the limbic system via the amygdala (conditioned) and the septum (unconditioned)

88
Q

inhibitory

A

makes the cell more negative by keeping out positive ions

89
Q

which brain region coordinates with the pituitary gland

A

the hypothalamus

90
Q

what does the globus pallidus project to

A

the subthalamic nuclei

91
Q

what is an autoreceptor?

A

receptor for the same thing the terminal is releasing. They monitor how much transmitter is in the synaptic gap and regulates release -> negative feedback loops

92
Q

The summation of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs determines whether the cell will fire. The two types of summation are :

A

Spatial and temporal

93
Q

why are there not many drugs which target glutamate

A

just safety

94
Q

uninsulated sections of the axon are called:

A

nodes of ranvier

95
Q

nicotinic receptors are blocked by _____

A

curare

96
Q

what mV is the threshold for action potential

A

-55 mV

97
Q

what does curare do

A

its the horror movie thing. you can’t move but you feel everything

98
Q

where do SSRIs act

A

in the raphe nuclei

99
Q

what is diffusion

A

the tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

100
Q

which region is involved in the prediction of punishment

A

the cingulate gyrus

101
Q

how did MAO-I’s work

A

inhibiting the breakdown of monoamines

102
Q

drugs of abuse target dopamine in which area

A

the ventral tegmental area

103
Q

coordinates motor function between the cortex and the cerebellum

A

pons

104
Q

metabotropic receptors that provide feedback on amount of neurotransmitter released

A

autoreceptors

105
Q

the distribution of ions in the absence of stimulation

A

resting potential

106
Q

what do the nodes of ranvier do

A

help with conduction of action potentials

107
Q

Two or more neurons release transmitters onto the same target neuron

A

spatial summation

108
Q

what is microdialysis

A

pushes in fluid and samples the fluid that comes out to measure neurotransmitter levels

109
Q

does GABA increase or decrease arousal

A

decrease

110
Q

parkinsons disease is associated with which dopamine projection area

A

the dorsal striatum from the substantia nigra

111
Q

mediates fear and fear conditioning

A

amygdala

112
Q

what is the difference between receptor agonism and receptor antagonism

A

agonism is facilitating, whereas antagonism works against

113
Q

involved in fine motor control (restraining big movements)

A

cerebellum

114
Q

whats the difference between a PET scan, and MRI, and an fMri

A

PET scan shows activity but uses radiotracer, MRI gives a structural image, and fMRI is a combo of both but at a low resolution

115
Q

excitable cells that analyse and transmit information

A

neurons

116
Q

what are biogenic amines

A

another way to say monoamines

117
Q

schizophrenia is associated with which dopamine projection region

A

the ventral striatum from the ventral tegmental area

118
Q

assesses relative difference in neurotransmitter levels, but cannot quantify absolute amounts

A

cyclic voltammetry

119
Q

the region of the brain that is involved in pain sensation and defensive behaviour

A

the periaqueductal gray (PAG)

120
Q

the major inhibitory system

A

GABA

121
Q

heteroreceptors

A

respond to chemicals released by the postsynaptic cell or other nearby cells when they become depolarised

122
Q

the ___ system is made up of the hippocampus, the amygdala, the septum, and more

A

the limbic system

123
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. the parasympathetic division
  2. the sympathetic divison
124
Q

what are the four main neurotransmitter systems

A
  1. acetylcholine system
  2. dopamine system
  3. serotonin system
  4. norepinephrine system
125
Q

the area at the based of the brain that connects to the spinal cord is called the

A

medulla

126
Q

antipsychotics primarily work on what type of receptors

A

dopamine

127
Q

what is the main function of the ascending reticular formation

A

maintaining levels of activation in the cortex / controlling level of cognitive arousal

128
Q

what do interneurons do

A

help coordinate sensory and motor behaviour

129
Q

the primary memory structure

A

hippocampus

130
Q

explain fMRI

A

magnetically responsive substance administered which allows areas of activity to be observed based on where oxygen is flowing

131
Q

Record currents from individual or groups of neurons

A

electrophysiology

132
Q

When a chemical interacts with a large number of neurons rather than only at one synapse

A

neuromodulation

133
Q

controls breathing and vomiting

A

the medulla

134
Q

the locus coeruleus is located where

A

in the pons

Drugs and Behaviour (5 decks)

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