Chapter 3 Flashcards
what type of tolerance “involves alterations at the level of the receptor that result from homeostatic processes”
pharmacodynamic/physiological tolerance
“This is a theory that says drug addiction is not people trying to alleviate their withdrawal effects, it’s just every time you take a drug, you become more motivated for the drug
You have a stronger motivation for a drug that increases with repeated administration”
Incentive-sensitisation theory of addiction
Rats were trained to discriminate between CDP (an anxiolytic) and PTZ (an anxiogenic) in which experiment
Barret and Smith
what is the A process in opponent process theory
the primary effect
what causes hangovers to be worse
the more you do a drug, the better your body is at predicting it so the b process starts sooner, is stronger, and lasts longer leading to a worse hangover period
tolerance to one drug diminishes the effect of another drug
cross-tolerance
in this schedule, an animal is only reinforced if it waits for a fixed period of time-> reinforced for responding at low rates
differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) schedule
why does heroin overdose increase if the environment is suddenly different
conditional tolerance. the typical injection site signals to the body that drugs will likely be taken and the body gets prepared to oppose the effects. if the environment is suddenly changed, the body no longer has that cue to oppose the drug and thus the drugs effect is much stronger
true or false: there is strong correlation between tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
false
what is opponent process theory
a drug induces a process or effect, and the body produces the opposing process or effect
put the three test groups in order of least deaths to most in Siegels heroin experiment
- Same Test (ST) group
- Different Test (DT) group
- Control group
how long does it take for withdrawal symptoms to typically show
usually within hours, although they can be produced much faster with antagonistic drugs (i.e. naloxone)
increase in the rate or ability of the body to metabolise a drug, resulting in fewer drug molecules reaching their sites of action
pharmacokinetic tolerance or metabolic tolerance or dispositional tolerance (why does it have so many names DIE)
true or false: according to opponent process theory, both the a process and b process are different for an experienced drug user and a novice drug user
false. the a process (effects at site of action) do not change, but the b process (the body’s preparatory response) does
when effects of a drug increase with repeated administration
sensitisation/reverse tolerance
how does the placebo effect work
expectations/beliefs about the consequences of an event may prepare the body to facilitate the expected outcomes
“If a drug makes me feel euphoric, my body tells me that I’m experiencing too much euphoria and tries to bring me down a notch. this is because the body is trying to maintain homeostasis” this is called
opponent process theory
whats the difference between liking and wanting when thinking about reward
wanting reflects motivation, liking is what happens after you get the reward
true or false: the effects of alcohol differ based on how it is mixed
true. it is less cognitively impairing if in a familiar mix (i.e. beer) versus when it is in a mix that doesn’t normally contain alcohol (i.e. fruit juice)
changing the internal environment of the animal and using that as a predictor
stimulus properties
what is it called when a placebo generates adverse side effects
the nocebo effect
the aftermath of the acute effects of a drug
hangover
what causes physiological tolerance
the body resists drug induced changes to restore homeostasis, which makes it less susceptible to the drug
a top down pain relieving pathway from the cortex to the pain control centre in the lower brain, capable of blocking pain
expectation mechanism
what are withdrawal symptoms on a functional level
demonstration of adjustments made in homeostatic systems to compensate following repeated drug administration
what is the key with physical dependency
symptoms are overt, clear, and easy to see
withdrawal can be halted almost instantly by giving the drug that has been discontinued or by giving another of the same family. this is known as
cross dependence
incentive or motivation is ____, but liking things shows ____
- sensitised
- tolerance
what was siegels experiment looking at
the tolerance mechanism in opioids
true or false: naloxone blocks placebo analgesia responses
true, but not for conditioned placebo effects. this tells us placebo analgesia is produced by more than one system
“A lot of drugs show overlap and circuitry that underlies motivational qualms” this leads to:
cross sensitisation
cam sensitisation and tolerance happen for a drug at the same time?
yes, as one drug can have multiple features and effects. one feature may be sensitised while another has tolerance
true or false: stress can induce cross-sensitisation effects
true due to the CRF* hormone which effects the meso-limbic and mesocortical dopamine pathways
- Corticotropin-releasing factor
Why did fewer rats die from the Same Test (ST) group in Siegel’s experiment
the overdose test for the ST group was done in the same environment as the drug was being administered leading to conditioned tolerance
what is the B process in opponent process theory
the compensatory/preparatory response
this type of tolerance comes from the body making adjustments to compensate for an effect caused by the continued presence of a drug
pharmacodynamic tolerance or physiological tolerance
physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased
withdrawal symptoms
acute tolerance
develops during a single administration
physical dependence
presence of withdrawal symptoms motivates drug seeking to alleviate withdrawal
what is psychological dependence
people continue to take the drug compulsively even though they will not experience physiological withdrawal symptoms if they were to stop
sometimes the presence of depression and/or anxiety
you don’t see the physical effects in someone, but the person will report feeling the need to have the drug
psychological dependence
what is the most important factor of the placebo effect
positive expectation (belief that it will be effective)
tolerance influenced by learning
behavioural tolerance
