Chapter 3

Question 1

what type of tolerance “involves alterations at the level of the receptor that result from homeostatic processes”

Answer 1

pharmacodynamic/physiological tolerance

Question 2

“This is a theory that says drug addiction is not people trying to alleviate their withdrawal effects, it’s just every time you take a drug, you become more motivated for the drug
You have a stronger motivation for a drug that increases with repeated administration”

Answer 2

Incentive-sensitisation theory of addiction

Question 3

Rats were trained to discriminate between CDP (an anxiolytic) and PTZ (an anxiogenic) in which experiment

Answer 3

Barret and Smith

Question 4

what is the A process in opponent process theory

Answer 4

the primary effect

Question 5

what causes hangovers to be worse

Answer 5

the more you do a drug, the better your body is at predicting it so the b process starts sooner, is stronger, and lasts longer leading to a worse hangover period

Question 6

tolerance to one drug diminishes the effect of another drug

Answer 6

cross-tolerance

Question 7

in this schedule, an animal is only reinforced if it waits for a fixed period of time-> reinforced for responding at low rates

Answer 7

differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) schedule

Question 8

why does heroin overdose increase if the environment is suddenly different

Answer 8

conditional tolerance. the typical injection site signals to the body that drugs will likely be taken and the body gets prepared to oppose the effects. if the environment is suddenly changed, the body no longer has that cue to oppose the drug and thus the drugs effect is much stronger

Question 9

true or false: there is strong correlation between tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

Answer 9

false

Question 10

what is opponent process theory

Answer 10

a drug induces a process or effect, and the body produces the opposing process or effect

Question 11

put the three test groups in order of least deaths to most in Siegels heroin experiment

Answer 11

1. Same Test (ST) group
2. Different Test (DT) group
3. Control group

Question 12

how long does it take for withdrawal symptoms to typically show

Answer 12

usually within hours, although they can be produced much faster with antagonistic drugs (i.e. naloxone)

Question 13

increase in the rate or ability of the body to metabolise a drug, resulting in fewer drug molecules reaching their sites of action

Answer 13

pharmacokinetic tolerance or metabolic tolerance or dispositional tolerance (why does it have so many names DIE)

Question 14

true or false: according to opponent process theory, both the a process and b process are different for an experienced drug user and a novice drug user

Answer 14

false. the a process (effects at site of action) do not change, but the b process (the body’s preparatory response) does

Question 15

when effects of a drug increase with repeated administration

Answer 15

sensitisation/reverse tolerance

Question 16

how does the placebo effect work

Answer 16

expectations/beliefs about the consequences of an event may prepare the body to facilitate the expected outcomes

Question 17

“If a drug makes me feel euphoric, my body tells me that I’m experiencing too much euphoria and tries to bring me down a notch. this is because the body is trying to maintain homeostasis” this is called

Answer 17

opponent process theory

Question 18

whats the difference between liking and wanting when thinking about reward

Answer 18

wanting reflects motivation, liking is what happens after you get the reward

Question 19

true or false: the effects of alcohol differ based on how it is mixed

Answer 19

true. it is less cognitively impairing if in a familiar mix (i.e. beer) versus when it is in a mix that doesn’t normally contain alcohol (i.e. fruit juice)

Question 20

changing the internal environment of the animal and using that as a predictor

Answer 20

stimulus properties

Question 21

what is it called when a placebo generates adverse side effects

Answer 21

the nocebo effect

Question 22

the aftermath if the acute effects of a drug

Answer 22

hangover

Question 23

what causes physiological tolerance

Answer 23

the body resists drug induced changes to restore homeostasis, which makes it less susceptible to the drug

Question 24

a top down pain relieving pathway from the cortex to the pain control centre in the lower brain, capable of blocking pain

Answer 24

expectation mechanism

Question 25

what are withdrawal symptoms on a functional level

Answer 25

demonstration of adjustments made in homeostatic systems to compensate following repeated drug administration

Question 26

what is the key with physical dependency

Answer 26

symptoms are overt, clear, and easy to see

Question 27

withdrawal can be halted almost instantly by giving the drug that has been discontinued or by giving another of the same family. this is known as

Answer 27

cross dependence

Question 28

incentive or motivation is ____, but liking things shows ____

Answer 28

1. sensitised
2. tolerance

Question 29

what was siegels experiment looking at

Answer 29

the tolerance mechanism in opioids

Question 30

true or false: naloxone blocks placebo analgesia responses

Answer 30

true, but not for conditioned placebo effects. this tells us placebo analgesia is produced by more than one system

Question 31

“A lot of drugs show overlap and circuitry that underlies motivational qualms” this leads to:

Answer 31

cross sensitisation

Question 32

cam sensitisation and tolerance happen for a drug at the same time?

Answer 32

yes, as one drug can have multiple features and effects. one feature may be sensitised while another has tolerance

Question 33

true or false: stress can induce cross-sensitisation effects

Answer 33

true due to the CRF* hormone which effects the meso-limbic and mesocortical dopamine pathways

• Corticotropin-releasing factor

Question 34

Why did fewer rats die from the Same Test (ST) group in Siegel’s experiment

Answer 34

the overdose test for the ST group was done in the same environment as the drug was being administered leading to conditioned tolerance

Question 35

what is the B process in opponent process theory

Answer 35

the compensatory/preparatory response

Question 36

this type of tolerance comes from the body making adjustments to compensate for an effect caused by the continued presence of a drug

Answer 36

pharmacodynamic tolerance or physiological tolerance

Question 37

physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased

Answer 37

withdrawal symptoms

Question 38

acute tolerance

Answer 38

develops during a single administration

Question 39

physical dependence

Answer 39

presence of withdrawal symptoms motivates drug seeking to alleviate withdrawal

Question 40

what is psychological dependence

Answer 40

people continue to take the drug compulsively even though they will not experience physiological withdrawal symptoms if they were to stop

sometimes the presence of depression and/or anxiety

Question 41

you don’t see the physical effects in someone, but the person will report feeling the need to have the drug

Answer 41

psychological dependence

Question 42

what is the most important factor of the placebo effect

Answer 42

positive expectation (belief that it will be effective)

Question 43

tolerance influenced by learning

Answer 43

behavioural tolerance