Chapter 2 Flashcards
how is muscle tone measured in rats
an inclined plane test
Organism makes a response to avoid or obtain a consequence
operant conditioning
classical conditioning and operant conditioning are part of what
behaviourism
what is the addiction research center inventory
used to get a sense of whether a drug is addictive or not
how is analgesia tested in non-human animals
the paw lick latency test
how does intracranial self stimulation help determine abuse liability of a drug
rewarding (thus more addictive) drugs lower the response threshold and increase response rate. drugs with low rates of abuse do not
how is short term memory tested
n-back tests
n being a stand-in for a number
what test is used to test response inhibition
the go-stop/go no-go test (very original naming)
a reflexive behaviour in response to a stimulus
classical conditioning
what are the two types of introspection
unstructured and systematic
what is the double blind procedure
those enacting the study do not know which group is which, nor do the participants
how do progressive ratio schedules help measure abuse liability
finding the “break point” and seeing how hard an organism is willing to work for a drug. the harder theyre willing to work the greater the risk of abuse
the wisconsin card sorting task is used to test what
cognitive performance -> working memory and executive function
true or false: drugs that block avoidance do so at higher doses than drugs that block escape
false, it is the reverse. drugs that block avoidance do so at LOWER doses than those that block escape
what makes something a discriminative stimulus
recognising that something is different, whether it is internal or external
drug discrimination studies take advantage of the ability of _____ ____ to guide an animals operant responding
interoceptive (internal) cues
in behavioural pharmacology, the amount of drug administered is usually the ____ variable
independent variable
lowest value of stimulus detectable by an organ
absolute threshold
what is the n-back test
recalling a series of letters and reporting whether it appeared n ago
how does the elevated plus maze work
measures the proportion of time spent in open and closed space of the maze. the more time in closed space the more anxious or stressed the rat -> thigmotaxis
interval at which an animal has to wait before a response will be reinforced varies each time
variable interval schedule
what is the premack principal
we give a choice and see which they pick most -> that must be most rewarding
enacting a behaviour because it has been learned that it will lead to a favoured outcome
operant conditioning
Pattern that determines when reinforcements are to be given
schedules of reinforcement
what are the two tests for anxiety or stress in non-human animals
the elevated plus maze and the defensive burying test
participant makes a mark along a line that is anchored by two extreme alternatives
visual analog scale
what are progressive ratio schedules used for
to see at what point it gives up since ratio increases each time
in behavioural pharmacology, change in behaviour is usually the ____ variable
dependent variable
involves surgically implanting an electrode into medial forebrain bundle. animals will press a lever to obtain electrical stimulation
intracranial self-stimulation
spontaneous motor activity
measuring how much an animal moves around. the easiest way to measure behaviour in non-human animals
Behaviour is elicited from the association of two stimuli
classical conditioning
the ability of a drug to block pain
analgesia
how is attention tested
vigilance tests
what is the profile of mood states
a self report measure of various swings of mood
signals whether or not a schedule of reinforcement is in effect
discriminative stimuli
responses are only reinforced after a certain and consistent amount of time has passed
fixed interval schedule
required to make a specific, consistent number of responses in order to be reinforced
fixed ratio schedule
same participant measured under each condition
within subjects design
a totally inert substance that causes no change but is administered as if it were the drug
placebo
what is experimenter bias
if the researcher knows which group is which, they may unconsciously convey that, causing participants to perform according to their assignment and what they think is expected
how do attention and vigilance tests like the mackworth clock test work
generally very long and boring. people often “check out” of the test and don’t pay as close attention after a certain point
what is disinhibition
when a drug interferes with one’s ability to withhold or inhibit actions
what is the independent variable
the manipulated event
what are the three types of ratio schedules
fixed ratio, variable ratio, and progressive ratio
whats the difference between avoidance and escape
avoidance is preventing an aversive stimuli (with the use of cues), whereas escaping is termination of the aversive stimuli after it has already started
both the researchers and patients are unaware about group assignment
double blind procedure
psychopharmacology
the study of drugs in the treatment of mental illness or psychological disorders
this type of research looks for correlational relationships between events
nonexperimental research
the continuous repetition of simple, purposeless acts like rearing, gnawing, or head bobbing
stereotyped behaviour
pavlovs dog was what type of conditioning
classical
the pursuit rotor task tests hand-eye coordination to measure what
motor performance
the observed event is which variable
dependent variable
any event that increases the frequency of a response upon which i is contigent
reinforcer
what has the avoidance-escape task shown about anti-psychotics
the animals motor ability was not interfered with, but the motivation to avoid the electric shock was blocked
the amount of responses needed to be reinforced increases (usually doubles) each time
progressive ratio schedule
true or false: there is a significant difference between humans and non-human animals in drug discrimination tests
false
number of required responses to be reinforced differs each time
variable ratio schedule
different participants measured for the different conditions
between subjects design
one group is given the experimental drug, one a placebo, and one an established drug with know effects
three groups design
explain the balanced placebo design
four groups. two are basic placebo (both expect to get a drug but only one does while the other gets a placebo). for the other two groups, no one expects to get a drug and one group does while the other gets a placebo
detecting a change in level of stimulation
difference threshold
what are the two aspects of a true experiment
the independent variable and the dependent variable
participant is given a fixed set of categorical options and chooses which one best applies (i.e daily, weekly, monthly, etc.)
Likert scale
why are placebo controls used
if people believe what they are getting will have a specific effect, they often will show that effect even though they didn’t actually take the substance
true or false: some drugs can induce an internal state that acts as a discriminative stimulus
true; we often think of context as outside of us but it can also be your internal state
abuse liability
the reinforcing property of a drug, indicating the potential for abuse
what lead to the change in laws for driving under the influence of cannabis
new and better technology for better data collection showed that it impaired afterall
events experienced in a drugged state not effecting behaviour when organism is not in a drugged state
state dependent learning
acquires its reinforcing properties via classical conditioning
secondary reinforcer / conditioned reinforcer
uses classical conditioning to associate administration of a drug and its effects with a distinctive environment
conditioned place preference
what is cataplesy
muscular rigidness
for an experiment to mean anything, the experimenter must be able to compare what happened when the drug was given to what would have happened if it was not given. this is called:
experimental control
