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Drugs and Behaviour > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how is muscle tone measured in rats

A

an inclined plane test

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2
Q

Organism makes a response to avoid or obtain a consequence

A

operant conditioning

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3
Q

classical conditioning and operant conditioning are part of what

A

behaviourism

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4
Q

what is the addiction research center inventory

A

used to get a sense of whether a drug is addictive or not

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5
Q

how is analgesia tested in non-human animals

A

the paw lick latency test

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6
Q

how does intracranial self stimulation help determine abuse liability of a drug

A

rewarding (thus more addictive) drugs lower the response threshold and increase response rate. drugs with low rates of abuse do not

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7
Q

how is short term memory tested

A

n-back tests

n being a stand-in for a number

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8
Q

what test is used to test response inhibition

A

the go-stop/go no-go test (very original naming)

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9
Q

a reflexive behaviour in response to a stimulus

A

classical conditioning

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10
Q

what are the two types of introspection

A

unstructured and systematic

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11
Q

what is the double blind procedure

A

those enacting the study do not know which group is which, nor do the participants

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12
Q

how do progressive ratio schedules help measure abuse liability

A

finding the “break point” and seeing how hard an organism is willing to work for a drug. the harder theyre willing to work the greater the risk of abuse

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13
Q

the wisconsin card sorting task is used to test what

A

cognitive performance -> working memory and executive function

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14
Q

true or false: drugs that block avoidance do so at higher doses than drugs that block escape

A

false, it is the reverse. drugs that block avoidance do so at LOWER doses than those that block escape

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15
Q

what makes something a discriminative stimulus

A

recognising that something is different, whether it is internal or external

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16
Q

drug discrimination studies take advantage of the ability of _____ ____ to guide an animals operant responding

A

interoceptive (internal) cues

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17
Q

in behavioural pharmacology, the amount of drug administered is usually the ____ variable

A

independent variable

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18
Q

lowest value of stimulus detectable by an organ

A

absolute threshold

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19
Q

what is the n-back test

A

recalling a series of letters and reporting whether it appeared n ago

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20
Q

how does the elevated plus maze work

A

measures the proportion of time spent in open and closed space of the maze. the more time in closed space the more anxious or stressed the rat -> thigmotaxis

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21
Q

interval at which an animal has to wait before a response will be reinforced varies each time

A

variable interval schedule

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22
Q

what is the premack principal

A

we give a choice and see which they pick most -> that must be most rewarding

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23
Q

enacting a behaviour because it has been learned that it will lead to a favoured outcome

A

operant conditioning

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24
Q

Pattern that determines when reinforcements are to be given

A

schedules of reinforcement

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25
Q

what are the two tests for anxiety or stress in non-human animals

A

the elevated plus maze and the defensive burying test

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26
Q

participant makes a mark along a line that is anchored by two extreme alternatives

A

visual analog scale

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27
Q

what are progressive ratio schedules used for

A

to see at what point it gives up since ratio increases each time

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28
Q

in behavioural pharmacology, change in behaviour is usually the ____ variable

A

dependent variable

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29
Q

involves surgically implanting an electrode into medial forebrain bundle. animals will press a lever to obtain electrical stimulation

A

intracranial self-stimulation

30
Q

spontaneous motor activity

A

measuring how much an animal moves around. the easiest way to measure behaviour in non-human animals

31
Q

Behaviour is elicited from the association of two stimuli

A

classical conditioning

32
Q

the ability of a drug to block pain

A

analgesia

33
Q

how is attention tested

A

vigilance tests

34
Q

what is the profile of mood states

A

a self report measure of various swings of mood

35
Q

signals whether or not a schedule of reinforcement is in effect

A

discriminative stimuli

36
Q

responses are only reinforced after a certain and consistent amount of time has passed

A

fixed interval schedule

37
Q

required to make a specific, consistent number of responses in order to be reinforced

A

fixed ratio schedule

38
Q

same participant measured under each condition

A

within subjects design

39
Q

a totally inert substance that causes no change but is administered as if it were the drug

A

placebo

40
Q

what is experimenter bias

A

if the researcher knows which group is which, they may unconsciously convey that, causing participants to perform according to their assignment and what they think is expected

41
Q

how do attention and vigilance tests like the mackworth clock test work

A

generally very long and boring. people often “check out” of the test and don’t pay as close attention after a certain point

42
Q

what is disinhibition

A

when a drug interferes with one’s ability to withhold or inhibit actions

43
Q

what is the independent variable

A

the manipulated event

44
Q

what are the three types of ratio schedules

A

fixed ratio, variable ratio, and progressive ratio

45
Q

whats the difference between avoidance and escape

A

avoidance is preventing an aversive stimuli (with the use of cues), whereas escaping is termination of the aversive stimuli after it has already started

46
Q

both the researchers and patients are unaware about group assignment

A

double blind procedure

47
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of drugs in the treatment of mental illness or psychological disorders

48
Q

this type of research looks for correlational relationships between events

A

nonexperimental research

49
Q

the continuous repetition of simple, purposeless acts like rearing, gnawing, or head bobbing

A

stereotyped behaviour

50
Q

pavlovs dog was what type of conditioning

A

classical

51
Q

the pursuit rotor task tests hand-eye coordination to measure what

A

motor performance

52
Q

the observed event is which variable

A

dependent variable

53
Q

any event that increases the frequency of a response upon which i is contigent

A

reinforcer

54
Q

what has the avoidance-escape task shown about anti-psychotics

A

the animals motor ability was not interfered with, but the motivation to avoid the electric shock was blocked

55
Q

the amount of responses needed to be reinforced increases (usually doubles) each time

A

progressive ratio schedule

56
Q

true or false: there is a significant difference between humans and non-human animals in drug discrimination tests

A

false

57
Q

number of required responses to be reinforced differs each time

A

variable ratio schedule

58
Q

different participants measured for the different conditions

A

between subjects design

59
Q

one group is given the experimental drug, one a placebo, and one an established drug with know effects

A

three groups design

60
Q

explain the balanced placebo design

A

four groups. two are basic placebo (both expect to get a drug but only one does while the other gets a placebo). for the other two groups, no one expects to get a drug and one group does while the other gets a placebo

61
Q

detecting a change in level of stimulation

A

difference threshold

62
Q

what are the two aspects of a true experiment

A

the independent variable and the dependent variable

63
Q

participant is given a fixed set of categorical options and chooses which one best applies (i.e daily, weekly, monthly, etc.)

A

Likert scale

64
Q

why are placebo controls used

A

if people believe what they are getting will have a specific effect, they often will show that effect even though they didn’t actually take the substance

65
Q

true or false: some drugs can induce an internal state that acts as a discriminative stimulus

A

true; we often think of context as outside of us but it can also be your internal state

66
Q

abuse liability

A

the reinforcing property of a drug, indicating the potential for abuse

67
Q

what lead to the change in laws for driving under the influence of cannabis

A

new and better technology for better data collection showed that it impaired afterall

68
Q

events experienced in a drugged state not effecting behaviour when organism is not in a drugged state

A

state dependent learning

69
Q

acquires its reinforcing properties via classical conditioning

A

secondary reinforcer / conditioned reinforcer

70
Q

uses classical conditioning to associate administration of a drug and its effects with a distinctive environment

A

conditioned place preference

71
Q

what is cataplesy

A

muscular rigidness

72
Q

for an experiment to mean anything, the experimenter must be able to compare what happened when the drug was given to what would have happened if it was not given. this is called:

A

experimental control

Drugs and Behaviour (5 decks)

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