Chapter 2

Question 1

how is muscle tone measured in rats

Answer 1

an inclined plane test

Question 2

Organism makes a response to avoid or obtain a consequence

Answer 2

operant conditioning

Question 3

classical conditioning and operant conditioning are part of what

Answer 3

behaviourism

Question 4

what is the addiction research center inventory

Answer 4

used to get a sense of whether a drug is addictive or not

Question 5

how is analgesia tested in non-human animals

Answer 5

the paw lick latency test

Question 6

how does intracranial self stimulation help determine abuse liability of a drug

Answer 6

rewarding (thus more addictive) drugs lower the response threshold and increase response rate. drugs with low rates of abuse do not

Question 7

how is short term memory tested

Answer 7

n-back tests

n being a stand-in for a number

Question 8

what test is used to test response inhibition

Answer 8

the go-stop/go no-go test (very original naming)

Question 9

a reflexive behaviour in response to a stimulus

Answer 9

classical conditioning

Question 10

what are the two types of introspection

Answer 10

unstructured and systematic

Question 11

what is the double blind procedure

Answer 11

those enacting the study do not know which group is which, nor do the participants

Question 12

how do progressive ratio schedules help measure abuse liability

Answer 12

finding the “break point” and seeing how hard an organism is willing to work for a drug. the harder theyre willing to work the greater the risk of abuse

Question 13

the wisconsin card sorting task is used to test what

Answer 13

cognitive performance -> working memory and executive function

Question 14

true or false: drugs that block avoidance do so at higher doses than drugs that block escape

Answer 14

false, it is the reverse. drugs that block avoidance do so at LOWER doses than those that block escape

Question 15

what makes something a discriminative stimulus

Answer 15

recognising that something is different, whether it is internal or external

Question 16

drug discrimination studies take advantage of the ability of _____ ____ to guide an animals operant responding

Answer 16

interoceptive (internal) cues

Question 17

in behavioural pharmacology, the amount of drug administered is usually the ____ variable

Answer 17

independent variable

Question 18

lowest value of stimulus detectable by an organ

Answer 18

absolute threshold

Question 19

what is the n-back test

Answer 19

recalling a series of letters and reporting whether it appeared n ago

Question 20

how does the elevated plus maze work

Answer 20

measures the proportion of time spent in open and closed space of the maze. the more time in closed space the more anxious or stressed the rat -> thigmotaxis

Question 21

interval at which an animal has to wait before a response will be reinforced varies each time

Answer 21

variable interval schedule

Question 22

what is the premack principal

Answer 22

we give a choice and see which they pick most -> that must be most rewarding

Question 23

enacting a behaviour because it has been learned that it will lead to a favoured outcome

Answer 23

operant conditioning

Question 24

Pattern that determines when reinforcements are to be given

Answer 24

schedules of reinforcement

Question 25

what are the two tests for anxiety or stress in non-human animals

Answer 25

the elevated plus maze and the defensive burying test

Question 26

participant makes a mark along a line that is anchored by two extreme alternatives

Answer 26

visual analog scale

Question 27

what are progressive ratio schedules used for

Answer 27

to see at what point it gives up since ratio increases each time

Question 28

in behavioural pharmacology, change in behaviour is usually the ____ variable

Answer 28

dependent variable

Question 29

involves surgically implanting an electrode into medial forebrain bundle. animals will press a lever to obtain electrical stimulation

Answer 29

intracranial self-stimulation

Question 30

spontaneous motor activity

Answer 30

measuring how much an animal moves around. the easiest way to measure behaviour in non-human animals

Question 31

Behaviour is elicited from the association of two stimuli

Answer 31

classical conditioning

Question 32

the ability of a drug to block pain

Answer 32

analgesia

Question 33

how is attention tested

Answer 33

vigilance tests

Question 34

what is the profile of mood states

Answer 34

a self report measure of various swings of mood

Question 35

signals whether or not a schedule of reinforcement is in effect

Answer 35

discriminative stimuli

Question 36

responses are only reinforced after a certain and consistent amount of time has passed

Answer 36

fixed interval schedule

Question 37

required to make a specific, consistent number of responses in order to be reinforced

Answer 37

fixed ratio schedule

Question 38

same participant measured under each condition

Answer 38

within subjects design

Question 39

a totally inert substance that causes no change but is administered as if it were the drug

Answer 39

placebo

Question 40

what is experimenter bias

Answer 40

if the researcher knows which group is which, they may unconsciously convey that, causing participants to perform according to their assignment and what they think is expected

Question 41

how do attention and vigilance tests like the mackworth clock test work

Answer 41

generally very long and boring. people often "check out" of the test and don't pay as close attention after a certain point

Question 42

what is disinhibition

Answer 42

when a drug interferes with one's ability to withhold or inhibit actions

Question 43

what is the independent variable

Answer 43

the manipulated event

Question 44

what are the three types of ratio schedules

Answer 44

fixed ratio, variable ratio, and progressive ratio

Question 45

whats the difference between avoidance and escape

Answer 45

avoidance is preventing an aversive stimuli (with the use of cues), whereas escaping is termination of the aversive stimuli after it has already started

Question 46

both the researchers and patients are unaware about group assignment

Answer 46

double blind procedure

Question 47

psychopharmacology

Answer 47

the study of drugs in the treatment of mental illness or psychological disorders

Question 48

this type of research looks for correlational relationships between events

Answer 48

nonexperimental research

Question 49

the continuous repetition of simple, purposeless acts like rearing, gnawing, or head bobbing

Answer 49

stereotyped behaviour

Question 50

pavlovs dog was what type of conditioning

Answer 50

classical

Question 51

the pursuit rotor task tests hand-eye coordination to measure what

Answer 51

motor performance

Question 52

the observed event is which variable

Answer 52

dependent variable

Question 53

any event that increases the frequency of a response upon which i is contigent

Answer 53

reinforcer

Question 54

what has the avoidance-escape task shown about anti-psychotics

Answer 54

the animals motor ability was not interfered with, but the motivation to avoid the electric shock was blocked

Question 55

the amount of responses needed to be reinforced increases (usually doubles) each time

Answer 55

progressive ratio schedule

Question 56

true or false: there is a significant difference between humans and non-human animals in drug discrimination tests

Answer 56

false

Question 57

number of required responses to be reinforced differs each time

Answer 57

variable ratio schedule

Question 58

different participants measured for the different conditions

Answer 58

between subjects design

Question 59

one group is given the experimental drug, one a placebo, and one an established drug with know effects

Answer 59

three groups design

Question 60

explain the balanced placebo design

Answer 60

four groups. two are basic placebo (both expect to get a drug but only one does while the other gets a placebo). for the other two groups, no one expects to get a drug and one group does while the other gets a placebo

Question 61

detecting a change in level of stimulation

Answer 61

difference threshold

Question 62

what are the two aspects of a true experiment

Answer 62

the independent variable and the dependent variable

Question 63

participant is given a fixed set of categorical options and chooses which one best applies (i.e daily, weekly, monthly, etc.)

Answer 63

Likert scale

Question 64

why are placebo controls used

Answer 64

if people believe what they are getting will have a specific effect, they often will show that effect even though they didn't actually take the substance

Question 65

true or false: some drugs can induce an internal state that acts as a discriminative stimulus

Answer 65

true; we often think of context as outside of us but it can also be your internal state

Question 66

abuse liability

Answer 66

the reinforcing property of a drug, indicating the potential for abuse

Question 67

what lead to the change in laws for driving under the influence of cannabis

Answer 67

new and better technology for better data collection showed that it impaired afterall

Question 68

events experienced in a drugged state not effecting behaviour when organism is not in a drugged state

Answer 68

state dependent learning

Question 69

acquires its reinforcing properties via classical conditioning

Answer 69

secondary reinforcer / conditioned reinforcer

Question 70

uses classical conditioning to associate administration of a drug and its effects with a distinctive environment

Answer 70

conditioned place preference

Question 71

what is cataplesy

Answer 71

muscular rigidness

Question 72

for an experiment to mean anything, the experimenter must be able to compare what happened when the drug was given to what would have happened if it was not given. this is called:

Answer 72

experimental control