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Drugs and Behaviour > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the movement of gases from inhaled air into the blood and vice versa is called ___

A

diffusion

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2
Q

true or false: one drug can have multiple ED50s

A

true, as a drug can have multiple effects and each effect may have a different ED50

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3
Q

When are lot numbers used to name drugs?

A

Before they are given a generic or trade name. Drugs that remain labeled with their lot name are usually those which do not get dispersed to the public and remain in testing scenarios

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4
Q

what are the four parenteral administration routes not via the CNS

A
  1. Subcutaneous
  2. Intramuscular
  3. intraperitoneal
  4. intravenous
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5
Q

how does peroral administration work

A

drugs are absorbed into the body via the gastrointestinal tract after being swallowed

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6
Q

absorption, distribution, and elimination make up ____

A

pharmacokinetics

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7
Q

combining drugs has an effect beyond what would be expected based on individual components

A

superadditive effects/potentiation

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8
Q

how a drug gets into the blood stream

A

absorption

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9
Q

true or false: the high from weed can be a side effect

A

true. if someone is taking it for increased appetite and do not want the high, the high is considered a side effect as it is not intended or wanted

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10
Q

the excipients and active ingredient(s) are combined in a particular way that is known as:

A

the drug formulation

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11
Q

why can you not know if a drug will ionise with only knowing if its an acid or a base

A

because you don’t know where it’s pKa is

caffeine is a base, but it’s pKa is so shifted that it remains intact in the stomach. you need to know both pKa and the shape of it’s curve (acid or base) to determine if it will ionise or not

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12
Q

How do things get through the lipid bilayer without lipid solubility

A

Ions can pass via specialised systems, but these only exist for ions you use everyday such as sodium or potassium

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13
Q

true or false: just because a drug gets into the body doesn’t mean it will have an effect

A

true, it will not have an effect if it doesn’t reach its site of action

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14
Q

Drugs administered this way are injected into the subarachnoid space in the nervous system

A

Intrathecal

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15
Q

what is inhalation of powder into the nose called

A

intranasal administration or insufflation

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16
Q

when one substance diminishes the effect of another and pushes the drug response curve to the right

A

drug antagonism

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17
Q

why are some drugs to be taken with food

A

taking it with food generally slows absorption, whereas taking it on an empty stomach allows it to pass to the intestines quickly and be absorbed much faster

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18
Q

amount of a drug needed in order to have a lethal effect in half of patients tested

A

LD50 -> Lethal Dose

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19
Q

what is it called when a drug is absorbed through the skin

A

transdermal administration

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20
Q

Consumed to get high

A

recreational

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21
Q

How is systemic administration doses determined

A

Divide by the weight of the organism receiving the drug

i.e. Mg/Kg or G.Kg

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22
Q

how does the chemical name work

A

based on the molecular structure of the drug molecule. tells how parts are connected

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23
Q

heroin administration is done via what method

A

subcutaneous injections

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24
Q

what are the steps of alcohol metabolism

A

ethanol is broken down into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase

acetaldehyde is broken down into acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase

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25
Q

List the naming schemes for drugs

A
  1. Chemical name
  2. Generic name
  3. Trade name
  4. Lot number
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26
Q

why do highly lipid soluble drugs remain in the blood stream so long

A

body fat acts as a sponge, absorbing the drug. while this diminishes the effect, it slowly releases back into the blood over time

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27
Q

how long does it take for drugs administered via I.V. to take effect

A

it is distributed very quickly, reaching the brain in seconds

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28
Q

what are sites of action

A

most drugs only have influence at specific and limited places in the body. they do not have an effect on all body tissue

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29
Q

What is the purpose of depot injections

A

The drug will diffuse slowly over a long period of time. This is helpful with drugs like antipsychotics where chronic compliance may be an issue

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30
Q

for this type of injection, the membrane is one cell deep with pores and is easier to move through than the lipid bilayer

A

subcutaneous

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31
Q

Why is nicotine consumption higher under stress

A

stress increases urine acidity which means more nicotine is broken down and cannot be reabsorbed

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32
Q

What are the two methods of drug dosing

A

Systemic administration and Central nervous system administration

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33
Q

bioavaillability

A

whether a drug gets to its site of action, how fast it gets there, and how much gets there

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34
Q

where are subcutaneous injections usually performed (when not self administered)

A

for lab animals: between the shoulders
for humans: arm or thigh

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35
Q

Substances that impact the nervous system, altering mood perception or level of consiousness

A

psychoactive drugs

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36
Q

drug concentration in the blood of a fetus usually reaches ___% to __$ of the mothers within 5 minutes

A

75%-100%

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37
Q

true or false: metabolites can be more toxic than the drug

A

true

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38
Q

what happens if you administer a lipid soluble drug in an oil based vehicle

A

the rate of absorption is slowed, allowing the drugs effects to last several days

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39
Q

how are drugs administered through the gastrointestinal tract when oral administration is not possible

A

intrarectal administration. Suppositories placed in rectum so the drug can absorb that way

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40
Q

the result of special cells in the nervous system that are wrapped around capillaries to block pores

A

the blood brain barrier

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41
Q

what is the difference between the trade name and the generic name

A

the trade name is solely for marketing purposes and doesn’t have anything to do with what a drug does, unlike the generic name which classifies drugs with their suffixes

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42
Q

what is the main feature of intramuscular administration

A

the drug doesn’t go into the blood stream as quickly

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43
Q

true or false: inhalation allows for more precision with drug levels in the blood

A

true

if the concentration of drug in inhaled air is higher than in the blood, the drug will move from the air into the blood. additionally, the drug will move out of the blood and be exhaled so that concentration in the blood matches that of the air

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44
Q

Drugs administered this way are injected into the peritoneal cavity

A

intraperitoneal administration

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45
Q

For intramuscular depot injections, the drug must be lipophilic. What does this mean?

A

It must be highly lipid soluable

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46
Q

Grapefruit juice’s effect on many drugs is an example of what type of interaction

A

Potentiation/superadditive effects

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47
Q

Why can generic drugs names be complicated

A

There are some cases where different parts of the world have different names for the same drug, particularly between the US and Britain, despite the WHO attempting to harmonise names

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48
Q

What are depot injections

A

a drug is dissolved in high concentration in a viscous oil and injected into a muscle, typically the ass

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49
Q

Why are drug amounts so much smaller in central nervous system administration

A

Unlike systemic administration, the drug does not get distributed throughout the body in the blood stream in order to reach the brain. It goes there directly, and thus none of it gets metabolised first

You only need about 1000th of the amount when administered directly like this

50
Q

drugs administered this way are absorbed through membranes in the cheeks

A

buccal membrane administration

51
Q

Why is inhalation administration so effective

A

Some of the substance reaches the brain without being subject to metabolism in the rest of the body

52
Q

Epidurals are administered using which method

A

Intrathecal

53
Q

The maximum effect a drug can produce, regardless of how high the dose

A

Efficacy

54
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephrons

55
Q

Why are generic names helpful

A

They can be used to identify the class of a drug, as those in the same class often have the same suffix

i.e. benzodiazepines usually ending in -am

56
Q

how the drug is broken down and leaves the body

A

elimination

57
Q

admin through this method means the drug is injected to form a bolus just under the skin

A

subcutaneous

58
Q

lack of or low levels of what enzyme cause an alcohol “allergy”

A

aldehyde dehydrogenase. this causes acetaldehyde to build up in the system

59
Q

True or false: intracerebral administration differs in difficulty based on the specific structure

A

true, it is harder for weirder shaped structures such as the hippocampus

60
Q

where a drug goes in the body

A

distribution

61
Q

when a drug goes to the liver before anywhere else in the body

A

first pass metabolism

62
Q

the lipid tails are hydro_____

A

hydrophobic (water repelling)

63
Q

True or false: all formulations with the same active ingredient are equal

A

False. Some formulations may dissolve at different rates

64
Q

What is the Dose Response Curve

A

a wide range of doses may be given of a drug. the curve is a range that goes from so low there is no detectable effect to so high that increases have no further effect

65
Q

Why are the chemical names of drugs sometimes complicated

A

there are different numbering conventions which can lead to the same drug having multiple chemical names

66
Q

_____ administration is done via injections into the skin

A

parenteral

67
Q

what happens to a drug after it is swallowed

A

it goes straight to the stomach, which then produces enzymes to turn food pieces into liquid that is absorbed by the intestines

68
Q

the dose needed in order to produce an effect in half of the subjects tested

A

Effective Dose -> ED50

69
Q

What is the primary effect of a drug

A

the intended result. What you’re taking it for

70
Q

What is the side effects of a drug

A

any unintended effects of a drug that may or may not be harmful

71
Q

if the dose response curve is shifted right you need ____ (more/less) of the drug and the drug is _____ (more/less) potent

A
  1. more drug
  2. less potent
72
Q

what is the enzyme that gets blocked by grapefruit juice

A

CYP3A4

73
Q

true or false: drugs cannot be absorbed through the stomach

A

false; if a drug is soluble in gastric fluids and doesn’t get broken down by digestive enzymes it can be absorbed via the stomach however this is less effective than through the intestines

74
Q

describes the molecular structure of the drug molecule

A

chemical name

75
Q

What is a drug?

A

Exogenous substance that alters physiology from small doses

76
Q

the ____ tells you what pH at which half of the drug will ionise

A

pKa

77
Q

what is the suffix of most enzymes

A

-ase

78
Q

Why do smaller animals often need a higher dose than humans

A

Smaller organisms often have higher metabolic rates and therefore drugs are broken down much faster

79
Q

what is the difference between smoke and gas inhalation

A

smoke particles do not revaporise like gas does and is therefore not exhaled, meaning the drug stays in the body until eliminated some other way

80
Q

the lipid heads are hydro____

A

hydrophilic (water loving)

81
Q

Consumed to treat a disorder or medical condition

A

Pharmeceutical

82
Q

What are the three ways of parenteral CNS administration

A
  1. Intrathecal
  2. Intracerebroventricular
  3. Intracerebral
83
Q

When is central nervous system administration used

A

when administered directly into the spinal cord or the brain

84
Q

“when the elimination of a drug changes with concentration is its said to have:”

A

first order elimination kinetics

85
Q

When is systemic administration used

A

For any drug that has the potential to be distributed throughout the body

86
Q

What is the traditional way to define a drug and why don’t we use it

A

Traditionally something that alters the physiology of the body, however that is broad and includes substances like food and water

87
Q

the product of metabolism that can vary in effects

A

metabolites

88
Q

this method entails injecting directly into brain tissue to target a specific structure

A

intracerebral

89
Q

the large protein molecule creates a channel allowing a non-lipid soluble molecule to pass

A

passive transport mechanism

90
Q

keeps balance between salt and water levels

A

kidney

91
Q

if the dose response curve is shifted left you need ____ (more/less) of a drug and the drug is _____ (more/less) potent

A
  1. less drug
  2. more potent
92
Q

when one substance increases the effect of another, pushing the drug response curve to the left

A

drug agonism/additive effects

93
Q

Dosing based on how much of a drug per [weight measurement]

A

Systemic Administration

94
Q

why is it challenging for drugs to be administered transdermally

A

they often have to be formulated for it, as most naturally cannot pass through the keratin in the epidermis which is very tightly knit

95
Q

cross section of cell membrane

A

lipid bilayer

96
Q

if one drug has no effect alone but increases the effect of a second ____ is occuring

A

potentiation

97
Q

what happens when a drug is highly lipid soluble

A

it may appear in the blood stream long after use

98
Q

how long does it typically take for a drug to be absorbed through the muscles capillaries in intramuscular administration

A

roughly an hour

99
Q

True or false: according to the dose response curve, a small change will have the same effect in a low dose or a small dose

A

False. a small change in low doses can have a big effect, and an equally small change in a large dose has no effect

100
Q

Drugs administered this way are “mainlined,” injected directly into the bloodstream

A

intravenous administration

101
Q

Why is 10 a bad therapeutic index

A

You want a larger gap between the LD50 and the ED50 because people may not fit the average. Being at the far end of one number does not mean they will be for the other. They may need more to be effective, but have the same lethal dose, etc.

102
Q

although it is fast an effective, why is I.V. not always the best route

A

if a vein is used too frequently is will collapse and stop carrying blood

103
Q

How are I.V. injections simulated in animals like rats

A

using tools like catheters

104
Q

How much of a drug you need in order to produce an effect

A

potency

105
Q

why should I.V. not be used for recreational drugs

A

they may contain contaminates that do not dissolve and then get lodged in the bloodstream, causing damage to blood vessels in organs like the lungs or eyes

106
Q

What is the peritonea

A

the sac containing visceral organs

107
Q

How are drug doses determined with central nervous system administration

A

Absolute amount of the drug

108
Q

what is the therapeutic window

A

the level in which the drug levels are high enough to produce an effect, but not high enough to cause unwanted effects

109
Q

what are the two methods of oral administration

A

peroral and buccal membranes

110
Q

true or false: all drugs have a half-life

A

false. some, like alcohol, decrease at a consistent rate

111
Q

What is the difference between potency and efficacy of a drug

A

potency is how much you need in order to get the effect, efficacy is what the maximum effect is at any dose

i.e. morphine has higher efficacy than tylenol for pain relief

112
Q

What are excipients

A

other ingredients such as fillers, binding agents, etc. that are combined with the active ingredient for a drug

113
Q

this method entails being injected into a ventricle in the brain which then distributes the drug

A

intracerebroventricular

114
Q

how do the curves of drugs administered orally differ compared to drugs administered via inhalation

A

absorption for inhalation is very steep, so it enters the body fast and therefore leaves fast. oral administration enters the bloodstream slower and is slower to be eliminated

115
Q

if only 3% of a drug is lipid soluble, what happens to the rest?

A

as soon as that 3% is diffused into the blood, 3% of what is remaining will lose it’s charge and that will diffuse. this will repeat

116
Q

What happens when something like weed is smoked

A

the active ingredient is inhaled into the lungs and makes contact with the moist surface of the lungs where it then diffuses into the bloodstream

117
Q

What is the therapeutic index

A

The LD50 divided by the ED50

118
Q

What is the tool used for CNS parenteral administration called

A

a cannula, which is like a catheter. it is a rigid tube that resembles a needle

119
Q

why does age impact drug metabolism

A

enzymes systems are not fully functional at birth and develop more with time

120
Q

in this method of administration, the needle is inserted into a muscle, leaving a bolus

A

intramuscular

121
Q

a range
of blood concentrations of a
medicine above a level that is
ineffective (therapeutic level) and a
level that has toxic side effects (toxic
level)

A

therapeutic window

122
Q

true or false: the tolerance to toxic effects of morphine develops slower than tolerance to its pain relief effects

A

true

Drugs and Behaviour (5 decks)

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