chapter 4 Flashcards
how do we define developmental psychology?
study of how behavior changes over the lifespan
what are teratogens
any environment factor that has a negative affect on fetal development
what is sucking reflex
automatic response to suck on objects placed in mouth
what is rooting reflex
when cheek or mouth area is gently touched, the baby will turn head to stimulus and open their mouth
example of teratogen
alcohol fetal syndrome
define cognitive development
acquire the ability to learn, think, communicate, and remember
define equilibration
balance between experience of world and understanding of it
define assimilation
absorbing new experience into our current understanding
define accommodation
altering beliefs to make them compatible with experience
describe piagets sensorimotor stage of development (1st stage)
birth- 2 years, focus on here and now, immediate physical experiences, lacks object permanence
describe piagets preoperational stage of development (2nd stage)
2-7years, construct mental representations of experience, egocentrism
describe piagets concrete operational stage of development (3rd stage)
7-11 years, ability to perform mental operations but only for actual physical event, still struggle with hypothetical situations
describe piagets formal operations stage of development (4th stage)
adolescence, can develop and test hypothesis, understand logical concepts
describe vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development
social and cultural influences in learning
define scaffolding
caretakers structure environment to guide the children in learning
define zone of proximal development
phase when children are receptive to learn a new skill but are not successful at it yet
what is temperament? describe the three temperament styles
social and emotional styles
1. easy:adaptable, relaxed
2. difficult: fussy, easily frustrated
3. slow to warm up
what is an attachment
emotional connection with whom we feel the closest
what is imprinting
strong attachments develops a concept of its own species
what is contact comfort
positive emotions afforded by touch
mary ainsworth found 4 different styles of children which are
secure attachment
insecure avoidment
insecure anxious
disorganized
secure attachment
children dont need care giver to do things but need them to be around
insecure avoidant
children are confident being alone, dont need caregiver
insecure anxious
children are very attached to caregiver and need to be with them 24/7
disorganized
children dont fall perfectly into one or another attachment
list 4 parenting styles
permissive
authoritarian
authoritative
uninvolved
permissive
leinent, considerable amount of freedom, little discipline, shower with affection
authoritarian
strict, little freedom, punishment, little affection
authoritative
balance of both worlds
uninvolved
pay little attention to children
what is sex
biological status
what is gender
psychological characteristics
what is gender role
behavior typically associated with male or female
what is gender identity
one’s sense of being male or female
what is transgender
adopting the dress, mannerisms, gender roles of opposite sex
what is prejudice
prejudge something negatively
what is stereotype
positive or negative belief about a groups characteristics applied to most people of the group
what is discrimination
treatment based on prejudice
what is moral development
process which individuals develop the ability from right to wrong, make ethical decisions and act in accordance with moral principles
the levels of kolhbers theory
pre conventional morality
conventional morality
post conventional morality
