chapter 4

Question 1

stage 1 of labor

Answer 1

-dilation and effacement of the cervix
-longest stage (12-14 hours)
-contractions cause the cervix to open (dilate) and thin (efface)
-climax of stage 1 is called transition - cervix opens completely

Question 2

stage 2 of labor

Answer 2

-delivery of the baby
-strong contractions of the uterus
-with each contraction the mother pushes until baby’s head and shoulders make it through the birth canal (vagina)
-cutting of the umbilical cord

Question 3

stage 3 of labor

Answer 3

-birth of the placenta
-a few final contractions push the placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus

Question 4

What is the Apgar scale? What does is measure? When is it done? What score is considered good

Answer 4

-done 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
-activity (muscle tone), pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), appearance (skin color), and respiration
-a score of 7-10 is considered good

Question 5

What are the two approaches to childbirth? How are they different? Why would a mother choose one over the other?

Answer 5

-Use of medical interventions and natural
-May choose medical interventions to reduce pain or choose natural to avoid complications

Question 6

positive impacts of medical intervention for birth

Answer 6

fetal monitoring, analgesics, anesthetics, epidural

Question 7

negative impacts of medical intervention for birth

Answer 7

weakens uterine contractions, labor is prolonged, instrument delivery, tend to have lower apgar scores, suck poorly during feedings

Question 8

What are common infant reflexes and their functions?

Answer 8

-rooting: helps infant find the nipple
-moro reflex: in human evolutionary past, may have helped infant cling to caregiver or (through extension of arms) signal caregiver to pick up baby
-palmar grasp: prepares infant for voluntary grasping

Question 9

What are common ways to soothe a crying baby?

Answer 9

-hold on shoulder and rock or walk
-swaddle
-pacifier
-talking or rhythmic sounds
-ride in carriage, car, swing
-massage
-combine methods

Question 10

newborn sense of taste

Answer 10

-prefer sweet tastes at birth
-quickly learn to like new tastes

Question 11

newborn sense of smell

Answer 11

-display odor preferences from birth
-can locate odors and identify mother by smell

Question 12

newborn sense of hearing

Answer 12

-can hear wide variety of sounds at birth
-prefer complex sounds to pure tones
-learn sound patterns within days
-sensitive to voices, biologically prepared to learn language

Question 13

newborn sense of vision

Answer 13

-least developed sense at birth
-unable to see long distances or focus clearly
-scans environment and tries to track interesting objects
-color vision becomes adult-like after 4 months

Question 14

strategies to ease the transition to parenthood

Answer 14

-sharing caregiving
-prebirth counseling
-high-risk parents struggling with poverty or a baby with disabilities benefit from intensive intervention
-low-income parents may require tangible support

Question 15

symptoms of postpartum depression

Answer 15

-8-10% of mothers, 3-5% of fathers
-early treatment is vital
-results from combo of physical and emotional factors, hormone changes, sleep deprivation, family history, stress