chapter 1 Flashcards
child development
involves the biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of adolescence
domains of development
physical, cognitive, emotional and social
continuous development
gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with
discontinuous development
new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
psychoanalytic perspective
-freud and erikson
-conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
-determines their ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety
-inner mental processes, conscious and unconscious
-tend to be more theoretical and harder to test
behaviorism
watson: directly observable events, classical conditioning (stimulus response), adults can shape the child’s behaviors (little albert)
skinner: operant conditioning (reinforcers and punishments), attention to behaviors you want to see and ignore those you don’t want to see
bandura: social learning theory, focused on social-cognitive, behaviorism may underestimate child’s contribution to their own development
social learning theory
modeling, imitation, and observational learning
cognitive-development
cognitive awareness, change their faulty thinking as they have new experiences, active learners
-piaget
classical conditioning
stimulus response
operant conditioning
-positive reinforcement: add good stuff
-positive punishment: add bad stuff
-negative punishment: delay good stuff
-negative reinforcement: delay bad stuff
-punishment decreases behavior while reinforcement increases a behavior
ecological systems theory
the environment is not a static force, but is ever changing
theories in child development take a stand on three basic issues
continuous or discontinuous development? one course of development or many? roles of genetic and environmental factors?
what are the three things theory can do with behavior?
describe, explain, predict behavior