chapter 3

Question 1

germinal period

Answer 1

-weeks 1-2
-from fertilization of the zygote through implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine lining

Question 2

embryonic period (first month)

Answer 2

ectoderm (externtal layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and endoderm (internal layer) form

Question 3

embryonic period (second month)

Answer 3

-eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form
-tiny buds become arms, legs, fingers, and toes
-internal organs continue to develop
-1 inch long, 1/7 oz. in weight
-can already sense world, responds to touch in mouth area and soles of feet

Question 4

ectoderm

Answer 4

(external layer) - nervous system and skin

Question 5

mesoderm

Answer 5

(middle layer) - muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and internal organs

Question 6

endoderm

Answer 6

(internal layer) - digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Question 7

fetal period (first trimester)

Answer 7

-9-12 weeks
-organs, muscles, and nervous system organize
-external genitals are well-formed

Question 8

fetal period (second trimester)

Answer 8

-neurons and synapses form at a rapid pace, end of trimester most neurons in place
-vernix emerges on the skin, protecting the baby
-sensitivity to sound and light emerges
-if born at this time will not survive due to lung and brain development

Question 9

fetal period (third trimester)

Answer 9

-fetus reaches age of viability (between 22 and 26 weeks)
-receives antibodies from mother
-fetus takes on the beginnings of personality
-fetal activity is linked to infant development

Question 10

age of viability

Answer 10

between 22 and 26 weeks

Question 11

vernix

Answer 11

white substance that protects the baby

Question 12

What is the definition of teratogen and what are
common teratogens pregnant women experience?

Answer 12

-any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
-effects based on dose, heredity, other negative influences, age
-common teratogens: drugs, nonprescription, illegal

Question 13

What are the benefits and drawbacks of having
children?

Answer 13

benefits: providing care, enhancing life’s meaning, nurturing a new person and personality, etc.

drawbacks: risk of birth complications, constant worry about health and wellbeing of child, fear child will turn out badly, etc.

Question 14

What are the contextual factors discussed in class
and in your textbook to having children?

Answer 14

-Financial circumstances
-Religious values
-Partnership changes
-Career goals
-Health conditions
-Availability of support (government and workplace family policies)

Question 15

What has happened to the fertility rates in the US
over time and why?

Answer 15

They have decreased because…
* Delay of marriage and
parenthood
* Women’s pursuit of careers
outside the home
* Popular advice to limit
family size in the interests
of “child-rearing quality”
(false)