CHAPTER 4

Question 1

nucleic acids

Answer 1

polymers specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information (DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA = ribonucleic acid); grow in the 5’-to-3’ direction

Question 2

nucleotides

Answer 2

monomers of nucleic acids; made of pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group (DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose)

Question 3

nucleoside

Answer 3

pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

Question 4

nitrogenous bases

Answer 4

PYRIMIDINES (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) - single ring
PURINES (adenine and guanine) - fused double-ring

Question 5

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 5

link nucleotides; link the 3’ carbon in one sugar to the 5’ carbon in another sugar

Question 6

complementary base pairing

Answer 6

purines pair with pyrimidines by hydrogen bonds; can take place between RNA and DNA

Question 7

RNA

Answer 7

single-stranded, but base pairing can occur between different regions of the molecule with results in 3-D structure, has uracil instead of thymine

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

two strands form a double helix; all molecules have the same structure; genetic information is carried in the sequence of base pairs; can reproduce itself (replication); carries hereditary information from one generation to the next

Question 9

transcription

Answer 9

DNA sequences are copied into RNA (with replication it depends on the base-pairing properties of nucleic acids)

Question 10

translation

Answer 10

RNA sequences specifies the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Question 11

transcription + translation =

Answer 11

gene expression

Question 12

genome

Answer 12

complete set of DNA in an organism

Question 13

genes

Answer 13

sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA

Question 14

What are the roles for nucleotides?

Answer 14

ATP - energy transfer in biochemical reactions
GTP - energy source in protein synthesis
cAMP - essential in many processes, including hormone action
carriers in synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids