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BIOL I > CHAPTER 12 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 Flashcards

1
Q

blending inheritance

A

hereditary determinants blend in the zygote

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2
Q

particulate inheritance

A

hereditary determinants are distinct; Mendel states that physical traits are inherited as “particles” but he did not know that the “particles” were actually chromosomes and DNA

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3
Q

Pisum sativum

A

used by Gregor Mendel to control pollination and fertilization by removing the male organs and manually pollinating the flowers; have perfect flowers with both male and female reproductive organs

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4
Q

character

A

observable physical feature (e.g., seed shape)

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5
Q

trait

A

form of a character (e.g., round or wrinkled seeds)

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6
Q

phenotype

A

observable properties of an individual resulting from both genetic and environmental factors

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7
Q

hybridization

A

process where Mendel mated two contrasting, true breeding varieties

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8
Q

P generation

A

parental generation

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9
Q

F1 generation

A

seeds and offspring; first filial generation

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10
Q

F2 generation

A

when F1 plants self-pollinated these got produced; second filial generation

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11
Q

monohybrid crosses

A

cross parental varieties with contrasting traits for a single character; F1 are monohybrids; allow plants to self pollinate to produce F2 generation

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12
Q

dominant

A

the most abundant trait

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13
Q

recessive

A

the least abundant trait

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14
Q

ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation

A

3:1

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15
Q

diploid

A

the state of having two copies of each gene

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16
Q

haploid

A

having just a single copy

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17
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a gene where different traits arise

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18
Q

homozygous

A

two alleles that are the same

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19
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles (one may be dominant and the other recessive)

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20
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup, what makes the individual’s phenotype

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21
Q

the law of segregation (Mendel’s first law)

A

the two copies of a gene separate during gamete formation; each gamete receives only one copy

22
Q

Punnett square

A

where all possible allele combinations can be predicted; it ensures that you consider all possible combinations of gametes when calculating expected genotype frequencies

23
Q

test crosses

A

F1 individuals are crossed with homozygous recessive individuals

24
Q

dihybrid cross

A

inheritance patterns involving two different genes

25
Q

ratio of dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

26
Q

independent assortment (Mendel’s second law)

A

copies of different genes assort independently

27
Q

pedigrees

A

family trees that show the occurrence of phenotypes in several generations of related individuals; can be used to determine whether a rare allele is dominant or recessive

28
Q

mutations

A

stable, inherited changes in the genetic material where new alleles arise

29
Q

wild type

A

allele present in most of the population; if it is present, less than 99% of the time the gene is said to be polymorphic

30
Q

multiple alleles

A

often show a hierarchy of dominance

31
Q

incomplete dominance

A

alleles are neither dominant nor recessive; heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes; in the F2 generation, the original phenotypes reappear which means the alleles have not “blended”

32
Q

codominance

A

alleles produce phenotypes that are both present in the heterozygote

33
Q

ABO blood group system

A

three different alleles encode an enzyme that adds specific groups to oligosaccharides that act as antigens on red blood cells; the three alleles IA, IB, and IO produce different versions of the enzyme

34
Q

What type of antigen does each group make?

A

-people in the A group make A antigen and anti-B antibodies
-people in the B group make B antigen and anti-A antibodies
-people in the AB group make both A and B antigens, and neither antibody (the IA and IB alleles are codominant)

35
Q

pleiotropic

A

one allele has multiple phenotypic effects

36
Q

epistasis

A

phenotypic expression of one gene is influenced by another gene

37
Q

quantitative characters

A

those that vary in the population along a continuum

38
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype indicated by quantitative variation

39
Q

inbreeding

A

mating among close relatives; can result in offspring with reduced fitness (inbreeding depression)

40
Q

hybrid vigor/heterosis

A

crosses between inbred lines can result in offspring with superior qualities

41
Q

What are the two hypotheses of heterosis?

A

DOMINANCE hypothesis - extra growth is explained by lack of inbreeding depression; hybrids are unlikely to be homozygous for deleterious recessive alleles
OVERDOMINANCE hypothesis - new allele combinations result in superior traits

42
Q

What can affect phenotype besides genotype?

A

environment (light, temperature, nutrition, etc.)

43
Q

What two parameters describe the effects of genes and environment of phenotype?

A

PENETRANCE - proportion of individuals with a certain genotype that show the phenotype
EXPRESSIVITY - degree to which genotype is expressed in an individual

44
Q

conjugation

A

how bacteria exchange genes; a sex pilus extends from one cell to another and brings them together; genetic material passes through a thin cytoplasmic bridge called the conjugation tube; DNA passes from a donor cell to a recipient cell where there is no reciprocal transfer; donor and recipient DNA line up and crossing over can occur, changing the recipient’s genetic makeup

45
Q

plasmids

A

small circular chromosomes; during conjugation it is usually these who are transferred; can replicate independently of the main chromosome or be integrated into the main chromosome

46
Q

What three categories do plasmid genes fall into?

A

-unusual METABOLIC functions (e.g., breaking down hydrocarbons)
- ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes (R factors)
- genes for MAKING a SEX PILUS

47
Q

multifactorial traits

A

traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences

48
Q

carriers

A

heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal; most individuals with recessive disorders are born to carrier parents

49
Q

rare dominant allele

A

causes human disorders and arises by mutation

50
Q

amniocentesis

A

process where the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested

51
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

process where a sample of the placenta is removed and tested

BIOL I (12 decks)

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