Chapter 4

Question 1

Which two seperate domains of reality did Kant postulate?

Answer 1

1. Noumenal world
2. Phenomenal world

Question 2

Objects in a ‘pure’ state independent of human experience

Answer 2

Noumenal world

Question 3

The noumenal world becomes transformed by the mind into the inner world

Answer 3

Phenomenal world

Question 4

What are the two dimensions (intuitions) that Kant argued the mind automatically and immediately localises its experience in?

Answer 4

1. Space
2. Time

Question 5

What threecategories does the mind further organises its subjectieve experiences automatically and involuntarily into?

Answer 5

1. Qualities
2. Quantities
3. Relationships to one another

Question 6

With which four reasons did Kant argue that mental phenomena cannot be studied like a true science?

Answer 6

1. They have no spatial dimensions
2. They are too transient to pin down for sustained observation
3. They cannot be manipulated
4. They cannot be mathematically described or analysed

Question 7

Each sensory nerve in the body conveys one and only one kind of sensation regardless of how it becomes stimulated

Answer 7

Law of specific nerve energies

Question 8

Who was the major promotor of the law of specific nerve energies?

Answer 8

Johannes Müller
(Helmholtz’s teacher)

Question 9

Old physiological doctrine according to which all living organisms have within themselves a nonphysical ‘life force’ that is essential for them to be alive and that is not analysable by scientific methods

Answer 9

Vitalism

Question 10

Doctrine declaring all physiological processes to be potentially understandable in terms of ordinary physical and chemical principles

Answer 10

Physiological mechanism

Question 11

All the kinds of forces in the universe are potentially interchangeable forms of a single huge but quantitatively fixed reservoir of energy

Answer 11

Law of conservation of energy

Question 12

What are two reasons why Helmholtz was one of psychology’s most important pioneers?

Answer 12

1. He helped show how the neurological processes underlying mental functions could be subject to rigorous laboratory experiment
2. He helped develop a scientific conception of the Kantian ‘mind’ with his integrated physical, physiological, and psychological studies of vision and hearing

Question 13

The study of relationships between the objectively measured intensities of various stimuli and the subjective impressions of those intensities

Answer 13

Psychophysics

Question 14

Focuses on the ways the mind organises experiences and perceptions into organised wholes that are more than the sum of their parts

Answer 14

Gestalt psychology

Question 15

The perception of continuous motion that occurs when observing a succession of slightly varying still images

Answer 15

Apparent movement

Question 16

Apparent movement from a simplified version of a motion picture

Answer 16

Phi phenomenon

Question 17

The whole entity that is consciously observed

Answer 17

Figure

Question 18

What the figure cannot exist without

Answer 18

Ground

Question 19

Hypothesis according to which psychological facts and the underlying events in the brain resemble each other in all their structural characteristics

Answer 19

Psychophysical isomorphism