Chapter 1 Flashcards
Noem zes presocratische Griekse filosofen
- Thales
- Pythagoras
- Heraclitus
- Zeno
- Protagoras
- Hippocrates
Presocratische filosoof die bekend werd voor zijn accurate astronomische en meteorologische observaties, en het idee promootte dat water het belangrijkste element was in de kosmos
Thales
Presocratische filosoof die een belangrijke school van volgelingen aantrok die de wonderlijke regelmatigheden van de wiskunde ontdekten en benadrukten, en hun relatie met de fysieke wereld
Pythagoras
Presocratische filosoof die de soms dubbelzinnige relatie tussen stabiliteit en verandering benadrukte en het idee bevorderde van de eenheid van tegengestelde zaken
Heraclitus
Presocratische filosoof die nadacht over het concept van oneindigheid
Zeno
Presocratische filosoof die een praktisch standpunt innam en betoogde dat het vruchteloos was om over grote vragen te speculeren. Focuste zich op de menselijke ervaring en gedrag en de controle en manipulatie van gedrag
Protagoras
Presocratische filosoof die zich bezighield met menselijke zorgen, maar als een groot arts
Hippocrates
An extensive body of medical writings, notable because it regarded diseases as natural phenomena, rather than the results of some sort of demonic or supernatural interference within the course of normal health
Hippocratic Corpus
Explains health and illness as the result of the balance or imbalance among four prominent liquid substances
Humoral theory
Who proposed the humoral theory?
The Hippocratics
What are the four humors found in the human body?
- blood
- yellow bile
- black bile
- phlegm
Something present in a living person but absent from a dead one
Psyche
(soul)
Mental philosophy emphasising inborn as opposed to acquired properties
Nativism
Mental philosophy emphasising reason
Rationalism
Referred to a person’s actual conscious experience of something
Appearance
Lying behind each transient individual appearance. The essences of all
Ideal forms
The general view that there exists something more fundamental and ultimate, or ‘ideal’, behind everyday sensory experience
Idealism
Fundamental issue about how the human mind converts the raw energies of the physical world into conscious sensations and perceptions
Allegory of the caves
Which three general types, or classes within society, does the human psyche give rise to?
- The appetites
- Courage
- Reason
Needs for physical gratification
The appetites
The propensity to confront difficulties with action
Courage
The ability to appreciate the underlying realities of the world
Reason
The notion that true knowledge comes first and primarily through the processing of sensory experiences of the external world
Empiricism
Which two steps had the knowledge acquisition of Aristotle and Theophrastus?
- Careful and extensive observations
- Systematic classifications into meaningful groups or categories
The arrangement of organisms into hierarchically ordered groups and subgroups
Taxonomy
A hierarchical ordering bounded by simple plants at the bottom and human beings at the top
Scale of nature
What are the three positions on the scale of nature?
- Vegetative soul
- Sensitive soul
- Rational soul
Soul that consists nourishment and reproduction, the two most fundamental functions of all psyches
Vegetative soul
Soul that possesses the additional abilities to move themselves (locomotion) and to react to changing stimuli in their environment (sensation). Higher animals show a further capacity to remember and learn from their sensory experiences (memory). Still higher animals can anticipate the future by imagination
Sensitive soul
The final and ‘highest’ function of the Aristotelian psyche, possessed only by human beings among living things, was the ability to think logically about their remembered or imagined experiences (reason)
Rational soul
Name seven categories of the innate set that the human psyche has into which the memories and ideas of empirical experiences are classified and organised
- Substance
- Quantity
- Quality
- Location
- Time
- Relation
- Activity
Philosopher that challenged the notions of infinity and the invoking of the four classical elements
Democritus
Theory which held that there is a limit to the divisibility of all material objects, and that they are ultimately composed of tiny, solid, unbreakable particles he called atoms
Atomic theory
Every caused event has to have a purpose
The nature of causality
Name the four essential components of caused events
- A material cause
- A formal cause
- An efficient cause
- A final cause
The stuff out of which something is made
Material cause
The idea or plan behind the caused thing
Formal cause
The actions or interactions that bring the caused thing into being
Efficient cause
The purpose for which the thing is caused
Final cause
Islamic pioneers whose work with the greatest worldwide and lasting impact was his treatise On the Use of the Indian Numerals, about Indo-Arabic numerals
Al-Kindi
Islamic pioneer who wrote the seven-volume Book of Optics
Alhazen
Islamic pioneer who wrote The Canon of Medicine and The Body of the Cure/The Book of Healing
Avicenna
What are three ways in which Socrates, Plato and Aristotle laid essential conceptual foundations for a future science of psychology?
- They made the very subject of the psyche (the mind) the specific object of analysis and discourse
- They debated thoughtfully about the specific relationships between the mind and the empirical stimuli that influence it from the outside world.
- Aristotle attempted to describe the psyche’s biological and psychological functions in considerable detail
