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Pioneers of Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Noem zes presocratische Griekse filosofen

A
  1. Thales
  2. Pythagoras
  3. Heraclitus
  4. Zeno
  5. Protagoras
  6. Hippocrates
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2
Q

Presocratische filosoof die bekend werd voor zijn accurate astronomische en meteorologische observaties, en het idee promootte dat water het belangrijkste element was in de kosmos

A

Thales

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3
Q

Presocratische filosoof die een belangrijke school van volgelingen aantrok die de wonderlijke regelmatigheden van de wiskunde ontdekten en benadrukten, en hun relatie met de fysieke wereld

A

Pythagoras

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4
Q

Presocratische filosoof die de soms dubbelzinnige relatie tussen stabiliteit en verandering benadrukte en het idee bevorderde van de eenheid van tegengestelde zaken

A

Heraclitus

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5
Q

Presocratische filosoof die nadacht over het concept van oneindigheid

A

Zeno

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6
Q

Presocratische filosoof die een praktisch standpunt innam en betoogde dat het vruchteloos was om over grote vragen te speculeren. Focuste zich op de menselijke ervaring en gedrag en de controle en manipulatie van gedrag

A

Protagoras

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7
Q

Presocratische filosoof die zich bezighield met menselijke zorgen, maar als een groot arts

A

Hippocrates

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8
Q

An extensive body of medical writings, notable because it regarded diseases as natural phenomena, rather than the results of some sort of demonic or supernatural interference within the course of normal health

A

Hippocratic Corpus

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9
Q

Explains health and illness as the result of the balance or imbalance among four prominent liquid substances

A

Humoral theory

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10
Q

Who proposed the humoral theory?

A

The Hippocratics

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11
Q

What are the four humors found in the human body?

A
  1. blood
  2. yellow bile
  3. black bile
  4. phlegm
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12
Q

Something present in a living person but absent from a dead one

A

Psyche
(soul)

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13
Q

Mental philosophy emphasising inborn as opposed to acquired properties

A

Nativism

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14
Q

Mental philosophy emphasising reason

A

Rationalism

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15
Q

Referred to a person’s actual conscious experience of something

A

Appearance

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16
Q

Lying behind each transient individual appearance. The essences of all

A

Ideal forms

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17
Q

The general view that there exists something more fundamental and ultimate, or ‘ideal’, behind everyday sensory experience

A

Idealism

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18
Q

Fundamental issue about how the human mind converts the raw energies of the physical world into conscious sensations and perceptions

A

Allegory of the caves

19
Q

Which three general types, or classes within society, does the human psyche give rise to?

A
  1. The appetites
  2. Courage
  3. Reason
20
Q

Needs for physical gratification

A

The appetites

21
Q

The propensity to confront difficulties with action

A

Courage

22
Q

The ability to appreciate the underlying realities of the world

A

Reason

23
Q

The notion that true knowledge comes first and primarily through the processing of sensory experiences of the external world

A

Empiricism

24
Q

Which two steps had the knowledge acquisition of Aristotle and Theophrastus?

A
  1. Careful and extensive observations
  2. Systematic classifications into meaningful groups or categories
25
Q

The arrangement of organisms into hierarchically ordered groups and subgroups

A

Taxonomy

26
Q

A hierarchical ordering bounded by simple plants at the bottom and human beings at the top

A

Scale of nature

27
Q

What are the three positions on the scale of nature?

A
  1. Vegetative soul
  2. Sensitive soul
  3. Rational soul
28
Q

Soul that consists nourishment and reproduction, the two most fundamental functions of all psyches

A

Vegetative soul

29
Q

Soul that possesses the additional abilities to move themselves (locomotion) and to react to changing stimuli in their environment (sensation). Higher animals show a further capacity to remember and learn from their sensory experiences (memory). Still higher animals can anticipate the future by imagination

A

Sensitive soul

30
Q

The final and ‘highest’ function of the Aristotelian psyche, possessed only by human beings among living things, was the ability to think logically about their remembered or imagined experiences (reason)

A

Rational soul

31
Q

Name seven categories of the innate set that the human psyche has into which the memories and ideas of empirical experiences are classified and organised

A
  1. Substance
  2. Quantity
  3. Quality
  4. Location
  5. Time
  6. Relation
  7. Activity
32
Q

Philosopher that challenged the notions of infinity and the invoking of the four classical elements

A

Democritus

33
Q

Theory which held that there is a limit to the divisibility of all material objects, and that they are ultimately composed of tiny, solid, unbreakable particles he called atoms

A

Atomic theory

34
Q

Every caused event has to have a purpose

A

The nature of causality

35
Q

Name the four essential components of caused events

A
  1. A material cause
  2. A formal cause
  3. An efficient cause
  4. A final cause
36
Q

The stuff out of which something is made

A

Material cause

37
Q

The idea or plan behind the caused thing

A

Formal cause

38
Q

The actions or interactions that bring the caused thing into being

A

Efficient cause

39
Q

The purpose for which the thing is caused

A

Final cause

40
Q

Islamic pioneers whose work with the greatest worldwide and lasting impact was his treatise On the Use of the Indian Numerals, about Indo-Arabic numerals

A

Al-Kindi

41
Q

Islamic pioneer who wrote the seven-volume Book of Optics

A

Alhazen

42
Q

Islamic pioneer who wrote The Canon of Medicine and The Body of the Cure/The Book of Healing

A

Avicenna

43
Q

What are three ways in which Socrates, Plato and Aristotle laid essential conceptual foundations for a future science of psychology?

A
  1. They made the very subject of the psyche (the mind) the specific object of analysis and discourse
  2. They debated thoughtfully about the specific relationships between the mind and the empirical stimuli that influence it from the outside world.
  3. Aristotle attempted to describe the psyche’s biological and psychological functions in considerable detail

Pioneers of Psychology (9 decks)

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