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Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

Growth and Division of a Cell

1
Q

this is the life cycle of individual cells

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

parent cells divide and produce what?

A

daughter cells

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3
Q

a process of producing new cells from the pre-existing cells

A

cell division

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4
Q

as parts of a plant reach their final form, most cells stop dividing, a process called?

A

cell cycle arrest

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5
Q

the cell cycle can be divided into two phases, namely:

A

growth phase and division phase

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6
Q

the part of the cycle without division is called?

A

interphase

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7
Q

in general, this phase is the longest part of the cell cycle

A

G1 (Gap 1)

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8
Q

during this phase, nucleotides are synthesized to be used for DNA replication

A

G1

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9
Q

during this phase, the cell is recovering from division; conducts most of its normal metabolism

A

G1

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10
Q

this phase is where the genes in the nucleus are replicated

A

S (Synthesis phase)

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11
Q

during this phase, thousands of genes are attached in a linear sequence forming a chromosome

A

S

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12
Q

this complexes with DNA and give it both protection and structure

A

histones

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13
Q

a chromosome has a centromere and is capped by what on each end?

A

telomere

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14
Q

some enter synthesis phase and replicate one or more times before differentiating, which is called?

A

endoreduplication

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15
Q

a process where only some genes are replicated, usually those needed for the specialized metabolism of the cell

A

gene amplification

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16
Q

during this phase, cells prepare for division

A

G2

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17
Q

during this phase, the alpha and beta tubulins necessary for spindle microtubules are synthesized

A

G2

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18
Q

during this phase, the cell produces proteins for processing
chromosomes and breaking down the nuclear envelope

A

G2

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19
Q

G1, S, and G2 constitues?

A

interphase

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20
Q

a term to describe the process of nuclear division

A

karyokinesis

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21
Q

what are the two types of cell division

A

mitosis and meiosis

meiosis: duplication division
mitosis: reduction division

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22
Q

a term to describe the process of cytoplasmic division

A

cytokinesis

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23
Q

under mitotic division, the number of phases sister chromatids are separated into daughter cells are? namely:

A

four phases; (PMAT) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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24
Q

during this division phase, the chromosome condense by coiling

A

prophase

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25
Q

during this division phase, the nucleolus becomes invisible, and the nuclear envelope breaks into vesicles

A

prophase

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26
Q

this is a protein layer on each chromatid

A

kinetochore

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27
Q

what pushes and pulls the chromosomes toward the cell center during metaphase?

A

microtubules

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28
Q

at the end of this phase in mitotic division, an enzyme breaks down the connection between sister chromatids

A

metaphase

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29
Q

when microtubules push and pull the chromosomes toward the cell center, what do they form?

A

metaphase plate

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30
Q

in this phase in mitotic division, spindle microtubules shorten and pull the twin chromatids toward opposite poles
of the cell

A

anaphase

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31
Q

this phase is mostly a reversal of prophase

A

telophase

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32
Q

as the chromatids reach each pole of the cell, complete nuclear envelopes form and surround each group of chromatids, what phase of mitotic division is this?

A

telophase

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33
Q

during this phase, chromosomes uncondense, new nuceloli appear, and spindle depolymerizes and disappears

A

telophase

34
Q

no matter how the protoplast divides, each half typically contains what important cell membranes?

A

mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles

35
Q

during this phase, the preprophase band forms just inside the plasma membrane

A

prophase

36
Q

during this phase, the plane of division is identified, and the region where the new cell wall will attach to is marked

A

prophase

37
Q

this is a set of short microtubules that forms in the center of the cell

A

phragmoplast

38
Q

this traps dictyosome vesicles

A

phragmoplast

39
Q

these are called the cell plate; grows outward until they fuse with those of a mother cell

A

phragmoplast, vesicle, and walls

40
Q

this kind of division is accomplished with a phragmosome

A

vacuole division

41
Q

vacuole division is accomplished with?

A

a phragmosome

42
Q

this is a set of microtubules, actin filaments, and cytoplasm

A

phragmosome

43
Q

this is referred to as reduction division

A

meiosis

44
Q

this is referred to as duplication division

A

mitosis

45
Q

what must be done to produce a diploid zygote?

A

haploid sex cells (gametes) must fuse together

46
Q

this only occurs in the production of reproductive cells

A

meiosis

47
Q

how many rounds of division is involved in meiosis?

A

two i.e. meiosis I and meiosis II

48
Q

during meiosis, which phase does not occur after the first division?

A

S phase

49
Q

prophase I is divided into five stages, namely:

A

(LZPDD) leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis

50
Q

during this phase in meiotic division, chromosomes begin to condense and become distinguishable but indistinct

A

prophase I

51
Q

in meiotic division (prophase I), this stage is characterized by the synapsis of homologs

A

zygotene

52
Q

this structure is present between the paired homologous chromosomes

A

synaptonemal complex

53
Q

a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes is called?

A

bivalent

54
Q

during this stage in meiotic division (prophase I), chromosomes shorten and thicken

A

pachytene

55
Q

during this stage in meiotic division (prophase I), the homologous chromosomes move away from each other but are held together by the centromeres

A

diplotene

56
Q

this is the area of crossing over; a point where chromosomes are tangled together

A

chiasmata

57
Q

during this stage in meiotic division (prophase I), the homologs continue to separate, and the chiasmata move toward ends until they untangle

A

diakinesis

58
Q

this phase is wherehs the spindle microtubules move the homologs to the center of the cell, forming a metaphase plate

A

metaphase I

59
Q

this phase involves the separation of homologs, moving to opposite ends of the spindle; two haploid nuclei have formed

A

anaphase I

60
Q

this phase is where the chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelop forms and nucleoli appear

A

telophase I

61
Q

if the cells progress to interphase, S phase does not occur, a process called?

A

interkinesis

62
Q

in meiosis II, this phase prepares the nucleus for cell division (if telophase I has occured)

A

prophase II

63
Q

which cell division do the centromeres divide at the end of metaphase II, separating the chromatids into two chromosomes?

A

meiosis II

64
Q

in meiosis II, this phase pulls the separated chromosomes to each side of the cell

A

anaphase II

65
Q

after meiosis II, each nucleus is?

A

a haploid

66
Q

process of nuclear division where chromosomes is reduced in half

A

meiosis

67
Q

process is identical to mitotic division, however results to four haploid daughter cells

A

meiosis II

68
Q

multinucleate cells are also known as?

A

coenocytes

69
Q

cell division may occur without nuclear division, which is commonly evident among?

A

algae, fungi, and the nutritive tissues of seeds

70
Q

in many of these organisms, the nuclear envelope and nucleoli do not break down until mitosis

A

algae and fungi

71
Q

the nuclei of this type of algae have no histones and chromosomes remain mostly condensed

A

dinoflagellates

72
Q

in some green algae, cytokinesis occurs by use of a?

A

phycoplast

73
Q

these are associated with divisions where the nuclear envelope does not break down

A

phycoplasts

74
Q

in this type of algae, cell division occurs by a
phragmoplast , but the new wall grows inward
from the pre existing walls

A

red algae

75
Q

cell division among prokaryotes are through?

A

binary fission

76
Q

these type of organisms are where mitosis and meiosis do not occur

A

prokaryotes

77
Q

this type of division process is where the circular DNA (plasmids) replicates, then are separated by membrane growth

A

(division by) binary fission

78
Q

in binary fission, cytokinesis occurs by a process of?

A

infurrowing

79
Q

which organelles involves their replication process appearing to be continuous throughout interphase

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

80
Q

the replication of organelles and their DNA is?

A

episodic

Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy (5 decks)

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