Chapter 1 Flashcards
Introduction to Plants and Botany
using concepts to understand plants
this contains the information from their parents.
seeds
conifers, also known as ____________, don’t produce flowers.
gymnosperms
true or false
plants are highly integrated organisms.
true
origin of plants
over how many plant species exist today?
297, 000
the ____________ was slowly developed starting before the 1400s with four basic tenets.
scientific method
scientific method
physical forces that control the world are constant
through time and the same everywhere.
constancy and universality
using concepts to understand plants
this pertains to applying human characteristics to non-human organisms or things.
anthropomorphism
origin of plants
these plants evolved 100–120 million years ago.
flowering plants
origin of plants
all organisms fit into three large group domains, namely:
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
these plants lack true leaves, stems, and roots.
moss(es)
true or false
plants do not have the purpose or decision-making capacity
true
the study of plants
two types of information encountered during studies.
observations and interpretations
origin of plants
plants, fungi, animals, and algae are under which type of cell?
eukayotes (eukaryotic cells)
origin of plants
life on earth began about 3.5 million years ago with what?
prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells)
true or false
is carbon dioxide considered a green house gas?
true
algae and global warming
what factor drags the dead bodies of the coccoliths into the cold depths of the ocean?
density
algae and global warming
what microscopic algae makes shells out of calcium carbonate?
coccolithophorids (or coccolithophores)
using concepts to understand plants
what guides the interaction of plants with its environment which has slowly evolved over thousands of years?
genetic information
origin of plants
several features of flowering plants evolved at this time are:
flowers; simple, flat, broad leaves; wood
true or false
science cannot say whether such actions (e.g. racism, sexism, murder) are right or wrong, moral or immoral.
true
science can only study, measure, analyze, and describe these events
using concept in understanding plants
this refers to the assumption that processes or structures have a purpose.
teleology
scientific method
this is developed from the hypothesis that consistently matches observations and garners greater confidence.
theory
true or false
the presence of other organisms may be detrimental, beneficial, or neutral
true
algae and global warming
in the depths of oceans, this attribute slow decay of shells for thousands, or even millions of years.
cold temperature
origin of plants
not all organisms evolve at the same rate; features that seem relatively unchanged are?
relictual features or plesiomorphic features
natural selection
new features arise periodically by?
mutations
this is the scientific study of plants.
botany
using concepts to understand plants
these are the primary means of storing information.
genes
true or false
genes, and the information they contain, cannot change.
false
plants copy genes during reproduction, and may cause differences.
true or false
plants more suited to their environment reproduce more successfully and produce more offspring
true
scientific method
this must make predictions that can be tested, consistent with further observations, and able to predict the results of future experiments.
hypothesis
scientific method
only tangible phenomena and observations may be studied; anything that cannot be observed.
phenomena than can be studied
origin of plants
“derived features” are also called?
apomorphic features
origin of plants
these are features that evolved from an ancestral feature.
derived or apomorphic feature(s)
using concepts to understand plants
the genetic pool of species exists beyond the phenotype represented by what?
single specimen
prokaryotes
cynobacteria is from which plant domain?
bacteria (domain bacteria)
evolution of plants
organisms were originally simple and increased in complexity through evolution by what?
natural selection
scientific method
this is the fundamental basis of the scientific method.
basis—skepticism
biological pheomenon
the two questions to be asked about any biological phenomenon
are there alternatives to this phenomenon?
what are the consequences?
using concepts to understand plants
this is based on the principles of chemistry and physics, which are all valid for plants.
plant metabolism
plants and people
cite ideas of how plants impact humans
food, clothing, shelter, medicine, oxygen
this explains the concept that many structures and metabolisms are too complicated to have resulted from evolution and natural selection and therefore must have been created
intelligent design
these are similar to plants at the cellular and biochemical level.
green algae
scientific method
this allows us to plan future experiments and predict what the outcome should be.
constancy and universality
__________ were once considered plants but are now excluded.
fungi
true or false
some bacteria and algae remove CO2 from
the atmosphere via photosynthesis
true
plants and people
cite ideas of how humans impact plants
global warming, climate change, desertification, salinization, loss of habitat, introduction of exotics, breeding, biotechnology
developed by ancient Greek philosophers, this involves developing logical explanations for simple observations of the world.
speculative philosophy
____________ generally say the universe was created by or contains deities.
religion
____________ is never being certain of a conclusion and of always being willing to consider new evidence.
skepticism
accumulation of atmospheric ____________ is responsible for changing global climate.
carbon dioxide
origin of plants
two distinct groups of prokaryotes are:
bacteria and archaeans
this determines whether new features are eliminated or passed on to the future.
natural selection
the study of plants
these are more difficult because they involve intuition, previous experience, calculations, and expectations.
interpretations
origin of plants
where is the DNA of plants located?
nucleus
origin of plants
this type of cell have nuclei.
eukaryotes
scientific method
information must be derived from only carefully documented and controlled observations or experiments.
source of information
origin of plants
eukaryotes diversified, some gaining chloroplasts, and some mitochondria via what process?
endosymbiosis
characteristics of life
what are the characteristics of life? (anything missing is considered unalive)
metabolism, nonrandom organization, growth, system of heredity and reproduction, capacity to respond to the environment
the study of plants
these are usually reliable and accurate
observations
