Chapter 3

Question 1

describe the shape of a plant’s cell wall

Answer 1

box-like/cuboidal/rectangular/isodiametric

Question 2

a plant’s protoplasm contains what?

Answer 2

organelles like nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Question 3

the physical framework within which a
plant’s metabolism occurs

Answer 3

cells

Question 4

where is the energy of sunlight used to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates?

Answer 4

leaf cells

Question 5

they perform many important tasks in cell metabolism

Answer 5

membranes

Question 6

they regulate the passage of molecules into and out of cells and organelles; divide the cell into numerous compartments, each with its own specialized function; act as surfaces that hold enzymes

Answer 6

membranes

Question 7

biological membranes are composed of what?

Answer 7

proteins and phospholipid bilayer

Question 8

these are at least partially immersed in the lipid bilayer

Answer 8

intrinsic proteins

Question 9

these proteins are located outside the membrane

Answer 9

extrinsic proteins

Question 10

in this membrane composition, some proteins diffuse laterally and others are bound to adjacent proteins

Answer 10

fluid mosaic membrane

Question 11

these can be bound to intrinsic proteins, converting them into glycoproteins

Answer 11

oligosaccharides

Question 12

membrane “bubbles” that can carry materials with the cytoplasm

Answer 12

vesicles

Question 13

two ways of transporting materials

Answer 13

exocytosis and endocytosis

Question 14

this property of the membrane allows compartmentalization

Answer 14

permeability

Question 15

they are found in domains Bacteria and
Archaea

Answer 15

prokaryotic cells

Question 16

these contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Answer 16

eukaryotic cells

Question 17

a mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water within a cell

Answer 17

protoplasm

Question 18

the selectively permeable membrane that covers the protoplasm

Answer 18

plasma membrane

Question 19

this stores the genetic information of an organism

Answer 19

nucleus

Question 20

the transport of materials to and from the nucleus is facilitated by “holes” in the nuclear envelope called

Answer 20

nuclear pores

Question 21

the central vacuole has a single membrane called the?

Answer 21

tonoplast

Question 22

this stores water, salts, crystals, starch, protein bodies, and other granules

Answer 22

central vacuole

Question 23

is the site for cellular respiration

Answer 23

mitochondria

Question 24

its inner membrane folds, forming cristae and increasing surface area

Answer 24

mitochondria

Question 25

they have an inner and outer membrane and includes chloroplasts, and where diverse metabolisms take place

Answer 25

plastids

Question 26

the inner fluids in plastids is called?

Answer 26

stroma

Question 27

they are responsible for photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll

Answer 27

chloroplasts

Question 28

when thylakoids stack up, they can form stacks of vesicles called?

Answer 28

grana

Question 29

these are starch-storing plastids; occur in non-photosynthetic areas of the plants

Answer 29

amyloplasts

Question 30

they store bright lipid pigments found in some fruits and flowers

Answer 30

chromoplasts

Question 31

these are are large, unpigmented plastids involved in fat and lipid synthesis

Answer 31

leucoplasts

Question 32

is a plant protein attached to stored iron that is almost exclusively stored in plastids

Answer 32

phytoferritin

Question 33

this is the site for protein synthesis; aggregates of 3 molecules of rRNA and ~50 types of protein

Answer 33

ribosomes

Question 34

is a system of narrow tubes and sheets of membrane within the cytoplasm; important in both manufacture and transport of molecules

Answer 34

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 35

ribosomes are bound together by mRNA, forming a cluster called?

Answer 35

polysome

Question 36

what are the two forms of ER?

Answer 36

smooth ER (involved in lipid synthesis and membrane assembly) and rough ER (covered with ribosomes)

Question 37

are stacks of thin vesicles held together in an array that processes materials to be secreted

Answer 37

dictyosomes

Question 38

have a forming face where ER vesicles accumulate, and maturing face where vesicles are released after content processing

Answer 38

dictyosomes

Question 39

consists of all the cell membranes except for the inner membranes of mitochondria and plastids

Answer 39

endomembrane system

Question 40

this is the clear substance of the cytoplasm and is composed of water, enzymes, and other chemicals

Answer 40

cytosol

Question 41

are small, spherical bodies that isolate reactions that produce or use hydrogen peroxide

Answer 41

microbodies

Question 42

these detoxify by-products of photosynthesis

Answer 42

peroxisomes

Question 43

these are involved in converting stored fats into sugars

Answer 43

glyoxysomes

Question 44

microtubules are structural elements of the cell that act as what?

Answer 44

cytoskeleton

Question 45

the cytoskeleton is composed of two types of protein with a globally tertiary structure, namely:

Answer 45

alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

Question 46

the long and flexible fibers in the cytoskeleton; thinnest part

Answer 46

microfilaments

Question 47

microfilaments are composed of proteins called?

Answer 47

actin | *is involved in structure and movement*

Question 48

starch is sometimes converted into (blank) and are stored as large oil droplets

Answer 48

lipids

Question 49

name a few things plants store

Answer 49

crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate, silica, tannins, and phenols

Question 50

not only provides strength and protection, but is also a site for metabolism

Answer 50

cell wall

Question 51

a plant's cell wall is primarily composed of?

Answer 51

cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins

Question 52

parallel cellulose crystallize into (blank), which cover the plasma membrane

Answer 52

microfibrils

Question 53

describe a plant's primary cell wall

Answer 53

thin

Question 54

what allows direct communication in plants?

Answer 54

plasmodesmata

Question 55

these are small channels that connect adjacent cells

Answer 55

plasmodesmata

Question 56

clustered occurrences of streams of cystol and section of the ER in the plasmodesmata is called?

Answer 56

primary pit fields ## Footnote areas in the walls of plant cells where the primary walls of adjacent cells are very thin, and plasmodesmata are present in high density

Question 57

this connects the protoplast to create the symplast

Answer 57

plasmodesmata

Question 58

All intercellular space and cell walls together called the?

Answer 58

apoplast

Question 59

what route does the apoplastic pathway take?

Answer 59

through the cell wall

Question 60

what route does the symplastic pathway take?

Answer 60

through the cytoplasm