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Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Cell Structure

1
Q

describe the shape of a plant’s cell wall

A

box-like/cuboidal/rectangular/isodiametric

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2
Q

a plant’s protoplasm contains what?

A

organelles like nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts

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3
Q

the physical framework within which a
plant’s metabolism occurs

A

cells

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4
Q

where is the energy of sunlight used to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates?

A

leaf cells

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5
Q

they perform many important tasks in cell metabolism

A

membranes

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6
Q

they regulate the passage of molecules into and out of cells and organelles; divide the cell into numerous compartments, each with its own specialized function; act as surfaces that hold enzymes

A

membranes

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7
Q

biological membranes are composed of what?

A

proteins and phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

these are at least partially immersed in the lipid bilayer

A

intrinsic proteins

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9
Q

these proteins are located outside the membrane

A

extrinsic proteins

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10
Q

in this membrane composition, some proteins diffuse laterally and others are bound to adjacent proteins

A

fluid mosaic membrane

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11
Q

these can be bound to intrinsic proteins, converting them into glycoproteins

A

oligosaccharides

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12
Q

membrane “bubbles” that can carry materials with the cytoplasm

A

vesicles

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13
Q

two ways of transporting materials

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

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14
Q

this property of the membrane allows compartmentalization

A

permeability

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15
Q

they are found in domains Bacteria and
Archaea

A

prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

these contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists

A

eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

a mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water within a cell

A

protoplasm

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18
Q

the selectively permeable membrane that covers the protoplasm

A

plasma membrane

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19
Q

this stores the genetic information of an organism

A

nucleus

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20
Q

the transport of materials to and from the nucleus is facilitated by “holes” in the nuclear envelope called

A

nuclear pores

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21
Q

the central vacuole has a single membrane called the?

A

tonoplast

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22
Q

this stores water, salts, crystals, starch, protein bodies, and other granules

A

central vacuole

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23
Q

is the site for cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

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24
Q

its inner membrane folds, forming cristae and increasing surface area

A

mitochondria

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25
Q

they have an inner and outer membrane and includes chloroplasts, and where diverse metabolisms take place

A

plastids

26
Q

the inner fluids in plastids is called?

A

stroma

27
Q

they are responsible for photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll

A

chloroplasts

28
Q

when thylakoids stack up, they can form stacks of vesicles called?

A

grana

29
Q

these are starch-storing plastids; occur in non-photosynthetic areas of the plants

A

amyloplasts

30
Q

they store bright lipid pigments found in some fruits and flowers

A

chromoplasts

31
Q

these are are large, unpigmented plastids involved in fat and lipid synthesis

A

leucoplasts

32
Q

is a plant protein attached to stored iron that is almost exclusively stored in plastids

A

phytoferritin

33
Q

this is the site for protein synthesis; aggregates of 3 molecules of rRNA and ~50 types of protein

A

ribosomes

34
Q

is a system of narrow tubes and sheets of membrane within the cytoplasm; important in both manufacture and transport of molecules

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

35
Q

ribosomes are bound together by mRNA, forming a cluster called?

A

polysome

36
Q

what are the two forms of ER?

A

smooth ER (involved in lipid synthesis and membrane assembly) and rough ER (covered with ribosomes)

37
Q

are stacks of thin vesicles held together in an array that processes materials to be secreted

A

dictyosomes

38
Q

have a forming face where ER vesicles accumulate, and maturing face where vesicles are released after content processing

A

dictyosomes

39
Q

consists of all the cell membranes except for the inner membranes of mitochondria and plastids

A

endomembrane system

40
Q

this is the clear substance of the cytoplasm and is composed of water, enzymes, and other chemicals

A

cytosol

41
Q

are small, spherical bodies that isolate reactions that produce or use hydrogen peroxide

A

microbodies

42
Q

these detoxify by-products of photosynthesis

A

peroxisomes

43
Q

these are involved in converting stored fats into sugars

A

glyoxysomes

44
Q

microtubules are structural elements of the cell that act as what?

A

cytoskeleton

45
Q

the cytoskeleton is composed of two types of protein with a globally tertiary structure, namely:

A

alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

46
Q

the long and flexible fibers in the cytoskeleton; thinnest part

A

microfilaments

47
Q

microfilaments are composed of proteins called?

A

actin

is involved in structure and movement

48
Q

starch is sometimes converted into (blank) and are stored as large oil droplets

A

lipids

49
Q

name a few things plants store

A

crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate, silica, tannins, and phenols

50
Q

not only provides strength and protection, but is also a site for metabolism

A

cell wall

51
Q

a plant’s cell wall is primarily composed of?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins

52
Q

parallel cellulose crystallize into (blank), which cover the plasma membrane

A

microfibrils

53
Q

describe a plant’s primary cell wall

A

thin

54
Q

what allows direct communication in plants?

A

plasmodesmata

55
Q

these are small channels that connect adjacent cells

A

plasmodesmata

56
Q

clustered occurrences of streams of cystol and section of the ER in the plasmodesmata is called?

A

primary pit fields

areas in the walls of plant cells where the primary walls of adjacent cells are very thin, and plasmodesmata are present in high density

57
Q

this connects the protoplast to create the symplast

A

plasmodesmata

58
Q

All intercellular space and cell walls together called the?

A

apoplast

59
Q

what route does the apoplastic pathway take?

A

through the cell wall

60
Q

what route does the symplastic pathway take?

A

through the cytoplasm

61
Q
A

Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy (5 decks)

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