Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
the condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best
A
homeostasis
2
Q
physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body
A
metabolism
3
Q
human body is divided into how many systems?
A
10 systems
4
Q
body systems are made up of?
A
organs
5
Q
organs are made up of
A
tissue
6
Q
building blocks of the body
A
cells
7
Q
the front of the body or body part
A
anterior or ventral
8
Q
the back of the body or body part
A
posterior or dorsal
9
Q
toward the head
A
superior
10
Q
away from the head
A
inferior
11
Q
toward the midline of the body
A
medial
12
Q
to the side, away from the midline of the body
A
lateral
13
Q
closer to the torso
A
proximal
14
Q
farther away from the torso
A
distal
15
Q
the largest organ and system in the body. prevents injury to internal organs. it protects the body against entry of bacteria
A
skin
16
Q
secrete oil
A
sebum
17
Q
tiny blood vessels
A
capillaries
18
Q
a sense organ. it feels heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure.
A
skin
19
Q
widen
A
dilate
20
Q
narrow
A
constrict
21
Q
how many bones does the human body have
A
206 bones
22
Q
provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and to produce heat
A
muscles
23
Q
the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use
A
atrophy
24
Q
the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to a lack of activity
A
contracture
25
swelling
inflammation
26
an illness in which the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue in the body
autoimmune illness
27
a type of arthritis in which joints become red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possibly deformities
rheumatoid arthritis
28
common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis
osteoarthritis
29
a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily
osteoporosis
30
the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not a menstrual period for 12 months
menopause
31
the surgical replacement of the head of the long bone of the femur where the hip joins.
total hip replacement (THR)
32
dress the stronger or weaker side first?
weaker
33
a doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs
partial weight-bearing (PWB)
34
a doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs
non-weight-bearing (NWB)
35
a doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight (100%) on both legs
full weight-bearing
36
the surgical replacement of the knee with a prosthetic knee
Total knee replacement
37
the control and message center of the body. Controls and coordinates all body functions. sense and interrupts information from outside the human body
the nervous system
38
composed of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
39
deals with periphery, or outer part, of the body
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
40
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)/ brain attack
stroke
41
weakness on one side of the body
hemiparesis
42
paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplegia
43
tendency to ignore a weak or paralyzed side of the body
one-sided neglect
44
trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing
expressive aphasia
45
difficulty understanding spoken or written words
receptive aphasia
46
inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger
emotional liability
47
difficulty swallowing
dysphasia
48
manner of walking
gait
49
partial paralysis, or loss of muscle function, that affects only part of the body
paresis
50
the loss of function of the lower body and legs
paraplegia
51
loss of function of legs, trunk , and arms
quadriplegia
52
made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
the circulatory system
53
high blood pressure, regularly measuring 130/80 mm Hg or higher
hypertension (HTN)/ high blood pressure
54
a hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels
atherosclerosis
55
medications that reduce fluid volume in the body
diuretics
56
occurs when the blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow
coronary artery disease (CAD)
57
chest pain, pressure, or discomfort
angina
58
when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, oxygen and nutrients fail to reach the cells in that area. waste products are not removed. the muscle cells die.
myocardial infarction (MI)/ heart attack
59
when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping blood properly
congestive heart failure (CHF)
60
a disease in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands don’t not have enough blood circulation
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
61
the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs
respiration
62
the process of inhaling air into the lungs
inspiration
63
the process of exhaling air out of the lungs
expiration
64
difficulty breathing
dyspnea
65
an irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi
bronchitis
66
a chronic lung disease that usually results from cigarette smoking
emphysema
67
two important functions of the urinary system
1.) eliminates waste products created by the cells
2.) maintains the water balance in the body
68
the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine
urinary incontinence
69
a bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney. this results in pain or burning during urination
urinary tract infection (UTI)
70
the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells
digestion
71
the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells
absorption
72
the process of expelling wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells
elimination
73
the inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool
fecal incontinence
74
the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool
constipation
75
a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool
enema
76
enlarged veins in the rectum
hemorrhoids
77
a hard stool that is stuck in the rectum and cannot be expelled
fecal impaction
78
frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces
diarrhea
79
a surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside
ostomy
80
an artificial opening in the body
stoma
81
organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones
glands
82
chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions
hormones
83
anything that causes stress
stressors
84
a condition in which the pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin or does not properly use insulin
diabetes
85
a hormone that works to move glucose from the body and into the cells for energy for the body
insulin
86
natural sugar
glucose
87
a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
pre-diabetes
88
type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
89
to create new human life
reproduce
90
sex glands
gonads
91
a cluster of abnormally growing cells
tumor
