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Theory Notes > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body

A

metabolism

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3
Q

human body is divided into how many systems?

A

10 systems

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4
Q

body systems are made up of?

A

organs

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5
Q

organs are made up of

A

tissue

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6
Q

building blocks of the body

A

cells

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7
Q

the front of the body or body part

A

anterior or ventral

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8
Q

the back of the body or body part

A

posterior or dorsal

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9
Q

toward the head

A

superior

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10
Q

away from the head

A

inferior

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11
Q

toward the midline of the body

A

medial

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12
Q

to the side, away from the midline of the body

A

lateral

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13
Q

closer to the torso

A

proximal

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14
Q

farther away from the torso

A

distal

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15
Q

the largest organ and system in the body. prevents injury to internal organs. it protects the body against entry of bacteria

A

skin

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16
Q

secrete oil

A

sebum

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17
Q

tiny blood vessels

A

capillaries

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18
Q

a sense organ. it feels heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure.

A

skin

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19
Q

widen

A

dilate

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20
Q

narrow

A

constrict

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21
Q

how many bones does the human body have

A

206 bones

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22
Q

provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and to produce heat

A

muscles

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23
Q

the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use

A

atrophy

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24
Q

the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to a lack of activity

A

contracture

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25
Q

swelling

A

inflammation

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26
Q

an illness in which the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue in the body

A

autoimmune illness

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27
Q

a type of arthritis in which joints become red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possibly deformities

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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28
Q

common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

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29
Q

a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily

A

osteoporosis

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30
Q

the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not a menstrual period for 12 months

A

menopause

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31
Q

the surgical replacement of the head of the long bone of the femur where the hip joins.

A

total hip replacement (THR)

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32
Q

dress the stronger or weaker side first?

A

weaker

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33
Q

a doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs

A

partial weight-bearing (PWB)

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34
Q

a doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs

A

non-weight-bearing (NWB)

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35
Q

a doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight (100%) on both legs

A

full weight-bearing

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36
Q

the surgical replacement of the knee with a prosthetic knee

A

Total knee replacement

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37
Q

the control and message center of the body. Controls and coordinates all body functions. sense and interrupts information from outside the human body

A

the nervous system

38
Q

composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

39
Q

deals with periphery, or outer part, of the body

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

40
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)/ brain attack

A

stroke

41
Q

weakness on one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

42
Q

paralysis on one side of the body

A

hemiplegia

43
Q

tendency to ignore a weak or paralyzed side of the body

A

one-sided neglect

44
Q

trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

A

expressive aphasia

45
Q

difficulty understanding spoken or written words

A

receptive aphasia

46
Q

inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger

A

emotional liability

47
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

dysphasia

48
Q

manner of walking

A

gait

49
Q

partial paralysis, or loss of muscle function, that affects only part of the body

A

paresis

50
Q

the loss of function of the lower body and legs

A

paraplegia

51
Q

loss of function of legs, trunk , and arms

A

quadriplegia

52
Q

made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

the circulatory system

53
Q

high blood pressure, regularly measuring 130/80 mm Hg or higher

A

hypertension (HTN)/ high blood pressure

54
Q

a hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels

A

atherosclerosis

55
Q

medications that reduce fluid volume in the body

A

diuretics

56
Q

occurs when the blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

57
Q

chest pain, pressure, or discomfort

A

angina

58
Q

when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, oxygen and nutrients fail to reach the cells in that area. waste products are not removed. the muscle cells die.

A

myocardial infarction (MI)/ heart attack

59
Q

when one or both sides of the heart stop pumping blood properly

A

congestive heart failure (CHF)

60
Q

a disease in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands don’t not have enough blood circulation

A

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

61
Q

the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs

A

respiration

62
Q

the process of inhaling air into the lungs

A

inspiration

63
Q

the process of exhaling air out of the lungs

A

expiration

64
Q

difficulty breathing

A

dyspnea

65
Q

an irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi

A

bronchitis

66
Q

a chronic lung disease that usually results from cigarette smoking

A

emphysema

67
Q

two important functions of the urinary system

A

1.) eliminates waste products created by the cells
2.) maintains the water balance in the body

68
Q

the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine

A

urinary incontinence

69
Q

a bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney. this results in pain or burning during urination

A

urinary tract infection (UTI)

70
Q

the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells

A

digestion

71
Q

the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells

A

absorption

72
Q

the process of expelling wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells

A

elimination

73
Q

the inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool

A

fecal incontinence

74
Q

the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool

A

constipation

75
Q

a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool

A

enema

76
Q

enlarged veins in the rectum

A

hemorrhoids

77
Q

a hard stool that is stuck in the rectum and cannot be expelled

A

fecal impaction

78
Q

frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces

A

diarrhea

79
Q

a surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside

A

ostomy

80
Q

an artificial opening in the body

A

stoma

81
Q

organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones

A

glands

82
Q

chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions

A

hormones

83
Q

anything that causes stress

A

stressors

84
Q

a condition in which the pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin or does not properly use insulin

A

diabetes

85
Q

a hormone that works to move glucose from the body and into the cells for energy for the body

A

insulin

86
Q

natural sugar

A

glucose

87
Q

a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

A

pre-diabetes

88
Q

type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes

89
Q

to create new human life

A

reproduce

90
Q

sex glands

A

gonads

91
Q

a cluster of abnormally growing cells

A

tumor

Theory Notes (10 decks)

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