Chapter 4

Question 1

What is a polygraph test

Answer 1

A device for recording autonomic nervous system responses, measuring a persons breathing, sweat, and heart rate

Question 2

What are the types of polygraph test questions

Answer 2

1. Relevant / Irrelevant Knowledge
2. Comparison Question Test (control question test)
3. Concealed Information Test (guilty knowledge test)

Question 3

Relevant / Irrelevant knowledge questions

Answer 3

This is rarely used and we find that everyone responds well to relevant questions

Question 4

Comparison question test questions

Answer 4

10 yes or no questions asked and the most commonly used right now

Question 5

Concealed information test questions

Answer 5

Multiple choice questions instead of yes or no, asking questions that only the guilty person would know

Question 6

Validity of the polygraph test

Answer 6

Difficult to determine the validity, some say it is and some say it is not, it is difficult to test the validity in real life situations

Question 7

Laboratory studies

Answer 7

Has the advantage of knowing whether subjects are lying or telling the truth (ground truth)

Question 8

Field studies

Answer 8

Involves real life situations, criminal suspects and polygraph examiners, must meet certain criteria:
- include representative sample of polygraph tests administered under real life circumstances
- charts must be independently scored by examiners who base decision just on charts
- need to compare scores with information independent of polygraph

Question 9

Three ways to beat the polygraph

Answer 9

1. Suppressing physiological response to relevant questions
2. Increasing baseline measure by augmenting response to physiological control questions
3. Suppressing physiological activity by taking drugs

Question 10

Suppressing physiological response

Answer 10

Includes deliberate attempts to change pattern of thinking, it is less likely to be detected than physical countermeasures and works best when thinking emotionally arousing thoughts while asked control questions

Question 11

Augmenting physical response

Answer 11

Inducing physical pain or muscle tension, which would likely result in an inconclusive diagnosis rather than truthful, by using several physical countermeasures at same time as it is more effective

Question 12

Use of drugs

Answer 12

Ingestion of 400mg of tranquilizer Meprobamate reduces detection rate

Question 13

CBCA criteria

Answer 13

1. Logical structure
2. Unstructured production
3. Quantity of details
4. Contextual embedding
5. Description of interactions
6. Reproduction of conversation
7. Unexpected complications
8. Unusual details
9. Superfluous details
10. Accurately supported details understood
11. Related external associations
12. Accounts of subjective mental state
13. Accounts of perpetrators mental state
14. Spontaneous corrections

Question 14

Logical structure

Answer 14

Consistency and coherence of statements; collection of different independent details that form a coherent account of a sequence of events

Question 15

Unstructured production

Answer 15

Narratives are presented in an unstructured fashion, free from an underlying pattern or structure

Question 16

Quantity of details

Answer 16

Abundance of details, and looking for a detailed story. Many times people assume kids are lying because they leave out great amounts of detail, but that is the way they speak

Question 17

Contextual embedding

Answer 17

Statements that place an event within its spatial and temporal context. Ex, kids struggle to tell the exact time of day something happened, easier for them to state if it was before or after a specific point in their day such as watching a tv show

Question 18

Description of interactions

Answer 18

Descriptions of interrelated actions and reactions

Question 19

Reproduction of conversation

Answer 19

Verbatim reproduction of dialogue

Question 20

Unexpected complications

Answer 20

The reporting of either an unforeseen interruption or difficulty, or spontaneous termination of the event. This is actually an indication of truth

Question 21

Unusual details

Answer 21

Inclusion of details like smells and touches

Question 22

Superfluous details

Answer 22

details that are not necessary for the statements to make up an understandable goal

Question 23

Should lay people be using the CBCA

Answer 23

No, they are expecting things in these answers that we should not expect from kids

Question 24

Facticious disorder

Answer 24

Intentionally producing psychological or physicals symptoms, some sort of internal motivation to assume a sick role

Question 25

Examples of factitious disorders

Answer 25

Münchausen syndrome and Somatoform disorder

Question 26

Münchausen Syndrome

Answer 26

People who produce complaints and health concerns, they may inflict self harm to maintain patient status

Question 27

Somatoform Disorder

Answer 27

People truly believe they have health issues when they do not, their symptoms cannot be explained by underlying conditions

Question 28

Malingering

Answer 28

Psychological or physical symptoms are under voluntary control and there are external motivations. Malingerers will often refuse invasive procedures

Question 29

Explanations of malingering

Answer 29

1. Pathogenic model
2. Criminological model
3. Adaptational model

Question 30

Pathogenic model

Answer 30

Malinger due to an underlying mental disorder, symptoms can increase in severity and true symptoms emerge

Question 31

Criminological model

Answer 31

Strongly suspected if two of antisocial personality disorder, forensic assessment, lack of cooperation, and discrepancy between complaints and findings exist

Question 32

Adaptational model

Answer 32

Malinger when perceived adversarial context, personal stakes high and no other alternatives perceived. Research supports this model

Question 33

How to study malingering

Answer 33

Simulation design. A group of malingerers and a control group, most likely getting them to malinger schizophrenia or bipolar disorder