Chapter 3

Question 1

Reid Model of Interrogation

Answer 1

3 part process in order to obtain a confession from someone which includes
- gathering evidence, and interviewing witnesses and victims
- conducting a non accusatory interview
- conducting a accusatory interview

Question 2

Rapport building

Answer 2

This is when the interrogator shows sympathy and an understanding of circumstances to the suspect in question, and trying to persuade them to confess as it is their best option

Question 3

What are the nine steps of an accusatory interview

Answer 3

1. Suspect is confronted with guilt
2. Psychological themes developed to allow suspect to justify, rationalize, or excuse crime
3. Statements of denial are interrupted to prevent suspect from gaining an upper hand
4. Interrogator overcomes suspects objections to charges and suspect then becomes quiet and withdrawn
5. Once the suspect becomes withdrawn interrogator reduces distance between them
6. Sympathy and understanding are exhibited by interrogator and suspect is urged to come clean
7. Suspect is offered face-saving explanations for crime
8. Suspect accepts responsibility for crime and interrogator develops admission into confession
9. Interrogator gets suspect to write and sign confession

Question 4

Minimization techniques

Answer 4

These tactics are used to lull suspects into false sense of security, with sympathy, excuses, and justification

Question 5

Maximization techniques

Answer 5

Scare tactics are used to intimidate the suspect, such as exaggerating seriousness of the crime or making false claims of evidence

Question 6

Are police allowed to lie about evidence in an interrogation

Answer 6

Police are allowed to claim false evidence in an investigation, but they are unable to use an evidence found if they do this by using force or threats against the suspect

Question 7

What are some problems with the reid model

Answer 7

The actual interrogation does not begin until an interrogator determines guilt in a suspect, if the suspect is suggestible or anxious they may be influenced to admit guilt when they are not guilty, and if police feel a suspect is already guilty this may change the course of the interrogation

Question 8

Mr. Big Technique

Answer 8

Police form a fake mob and try to have a person commit a crime to find them guilty, asking them to commit a lessor crime and confess to another crime to be brought into the group

Question 9

PEACE model

Answer 9

acronym for Planning and preparation, engage and explain, account, closure and evaluation

Question 10

where is the PEACE model commonly used

Answer 10

It is commonly used in Europe, argument has been made by europeans that it is more effective than the reid model

Question 11

What are the 3 types of false confessions

Answer 11

1. Voluntary
2. Coerced complaint
3. Coerced internalized

Question 12

Voluntary false confession

Answer 12

When someone voluntarily confessions to a crime without elicitation, and may arise out of desire for notoriety or inability to distinguish between fact and reality

Question 13

Coerced complaint false confession

Answer 13

This is when a suspect confesses but is aware of their innocence, and can be caused by interrogation techniques and they confess to avoid further interrogation, or threatened punishment, or gain a promised benefit

Question 14

Compliance

Answer 14

Refers to the tendency to go along with demands even though the person may not agree with them

Question 15

Suggestibility

Answer 15

Refers to the tendency to accept information communicated during questioning

Question 16

What are the consequences of false confessions

Answer 16

People end up being convicted of crimes they did not commit, the police end up wasting time that could be used to identify the real offender, this gives the offender the possibility to commit more crimes

Question 17

What is criminal profiling used for

Answer 17

• Narrow down a list of suspects
• Provide a new line of inquiry
• Flush out the offender
• Determine seriousness of threats
• Give advice on interrogation techniques

Question 18

Deductive Profiling

Answer 18

Prediction of background characteristics through analysis of evidence and relies on logical reasoning and underlying logic might be faulty

Question 19

Inductive Profiling

Answer 19

Prediction of characteristics based on comparison of a particular offender’s crime with crimes committed by other known offenders, sampling is a problem

Question 20

What are the 5 main steps to generating the profile

Answer 20

1. Study the nature of the act and the types of people who have committed similar crimes in the past
2. Detailed analysis of the crime scene
3. In-depth examination of the background and activities of the victim or victims
4. Determination of possible motives for all people involved
5. Development of description of perpetrator based on characteristics of crime scene and past criminal’s behaviours

Question 21

Modus Operandi

Answer 21

M.O
This is what an offender has to do to be successful

Question 22

Signature

Answer 22

Something the offender must do to fulfil their needs emotionally or sexually and it is often the reason for the crime

Question 23

Mass murder

Answer 23

More than 3 victims in one location and within one event

Question 24

Spree murder

Answer 24

Killings at 2 or more locations with no emotional cooling off period in between

Question 25

Serial murder

Answer 25

Killings at 3 or more locations with a emotional cooling off period in between, could be years or months

Question 26

Organized murderers

Answer 26

Plan out the murder, target random victims, leave very few clues at the scene and act out in violent fantasiesD

Question 27

Disorganized murderers

Answer 27

Do not plan crime, obtain victims by chance and behave randomly during crime

Question 28

What are the characteristics that profilers try to predict

Answer 28

Offender age, race, sex, IQ, educational history, hobbies, family background, residence, criminal history, employment status, psychosexual development, and post-offence behaviour

Question 29

What is VICLAS

Answer 29

Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System. Police in every province use this and everyone is linked to mainframe in Ottawa.

Question 30

Three criticisms of the validity of profiling

Answer 30

1. Based on theoretical model of personality that lacks empirical support
2. Contain information so vague it fits many suspects
3. Professional profilers may be no better than untrained individuals in constructing profiles

Question 31

Geographic profiling

Answer 31

Uses crime scene locations to predict area where offender strikes, and is primarily used for prioritizing potential suspects