Chapter 4 Flashcards
Socialization
Socialization
a lifelong learning process that involves figuring out how to be a social person in a given society. there are 3 types: primary, secondary, and agents
types of socialization
- primary socialization: occurs during childhood
- secondary socialization: occurs later in life
- agents of socialization: people and institutions who contribute to our socialization
Determinism
the degree to which an individuals behaviour, attitudes, and other personal characteristics are determined or caused by something specific (genetic makeup) 2 types: social and biological
Biological (nature) determinism
the greater part of who we are is determined by our 26000 genes
Social (cultural) determinism
a.k.a behaviourism
- a school of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural-determinist position
law of effect
- invented by Edward Thorndike
- desired behaviours are rewarded and thus reinforced
- undesired behaviours are ignored and punished and thus abandoned
agents of socialization
groups that have a significant impact on ones socialization (e.g. family, peers, school, mass media)
George Herbet Mead’s 2 categories of agents of socialization
- Significant others: individuals, primarily parents, siblings and friends, who children imitate and model after
- generalized others: the attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectations of the society into which the child is socialized
the looking glass self
an explanation of how the self develops and there are 3 components:
1. how you imagine you appear to others
2. how you imagine others judge your appearance
3. how you feel as a result (proud, fearful, etc)
types of family
- nuclear family
- extended family
- family of the heart
- single parent family
- same sex family (LGBTQ+)
- broken family
- foster families (state family)
peer Group
can be defined as a social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position, and interests
Peer Pressure
refers to the social force exerted on individuals by their peers to conform in behaviour, appearance, or externally demonstrated values
risk behaviours
lifestyle activities that place a person at increased probability of suffering negative consequences (dangerous driving, excessive drinking, etc)
Rowell Huesmanns longitudinal studies:
a study on the relationship between violent TV watching and violent behaviour that concludes there is a connection. he proposed 2 theories: Observational learning theory and desensitization theory
observational learning theory
children acquire aggressive scripts for solving social problems by watching violence on TV
desensitization theory
increased exposure to television violence desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence
Habitus
a wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics (manners, good taste)
reproduction
the means by which classes preserve status differences among classes
who plays a critical role in the education system to socialize kids
teachers (their gender, age, ethnicity, etc)
hurried child syndrome
In 2003 David Elkind studied how culture contributes to this syndrome
- argues that children has lost free play and instead only have rigid scheduled activities (many children now feel adult-like levels of stress and guilt
secondary socialization
usually occurs during adolescence and early childhood and takes place outside the family and involve a group smaller than society (new school or neighbourhood)
Resocialization
the process of unlearning old behaviours, attitudes, and values and learning new ones when moving into a significantly different social environment (voluntary or involuntary
