Chapter 10 Flashcards
Family
forms of family
- Nuclear Family
- Extended Family
- Simple Households
- Complex households
Nuclear Family
A Parent or parents and children (same sex family or adopted family is also considered nuclear family)
Extended Family
includes parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
Simple households
unrelated adults with or without children
complex households
2 or more adults who are related but not married to each other and hence could reasonably be expected to live separately
9 changes in the Canadian Family
- The marriage rate is decreasing while the cohabitation rate is rising
- the age of 1st marriage is rising
- there are more divorces overall, but the rate is falling
- more women are having children in their 30s
- the # of children/family has dropped below the replacement rate
- the are nearly as many couples without children as with
- children are leaving home at a later age
- there are more lone-parent families
- there are more people living alone
why might more people choose to cohabit (live together) rather than get married?
- Easier to break up than to divorce
- weddings are expensive
- the increased cost of living
Crude marriage rate
the number of marriages that occur in a given year per 1000 people in a population
why might the age of first marriages be rising?
- Education (not as much time to pursue romantic interests)
- more women entering the workforce
- getting married is expensive
Divorce statistics (1968, 1985, and 2002)
- 1968: Grounds for divorce expanded which made divorce easier (increased from 54.8-124.5/100000
- 1985: Divorce act allows “marital breakdown” divorce (divorce rate climbed to 363.75/100000 by 1987
- 2002: divorce rate declined to 223.7/100000
what was the average age of a woman giving birth in Canada in 2010?
the average age had surpassed 30
what was the % of women 35 and over giving birth for the first time in 1987?
4%
what was the % of women 35 and over giving birth for the first time in 2011?
12%
Fecundity:
the physical ability to conceive ( as women age, their ability to conceive decreases- “the clock is ticking”
Total fertility rate:
an estimate of the average # of children that a cohort of women between the ages of 15 and 49 will have in their lifetime. (in 2002 and 2016 the fertility rate in Canada was 1.51.and 1.54)
Replacement rate:
the # of children that the average woman must bear if the overall population is to continue at the same level (Canadas replacement rate is 2.1 but its fertility rate falls below the replacement rate)
in 2011, __% of couples lived without children, compared to __% of couples with children
44.5% and 39.2%
Voluntary Childlessness:
the voluntary choice to not have children
Cluttered nest:
term used to decribe the phenomenon in which adult children continue to live at (or return to live with) home with their parents (men are more likely to continue living with their parents)
Causes of a cluttered nest
- prolonged education
- “boomerang kids” who returned home after getting post secondary education (either just for the summer or after they graduate)
- cost of living
- later age at marriage
Empty nest
describes a household in which children have moved out to live on their own (*not like a multigenerational extended family)
the # of lone-parent families increased from __% of all families in 1966 to __% in 2016
8.2% and 14.2%
critics need to be cautious about their perceptions of lone-parent families as:
- Most lone-parent households began as 2-parent households
- there are planned lone-parent household
- adoption as well as advances in technology give individuals the ability to become a parent
Conjugal (marital) roles:
the distinctive roles of the husband and wife that result from the division of labour within the family
Bott Hypothesis:
Elizabeth Bott (1957) characterized conjugal roles as segregated and joint
Segregated (Bott Hypothesis)
Tasks, interests, and activities are clearly different (ex. Traditional ideas of males as breadwinners and financial support, women for housework and childcare
Joint (Bott hypothesis)
many tasks, interests, and activities are shared (roles overlap, ex. both work, and take turns doing household chores)
Complementary roles:
invented by Beaujot (2000) that cast men primarily as earners or breadwinners and women involved primary in the unpaid work of childcare and housework
Companionate
invented by Beaujot (2000) and the overlap of the breadwinning and caretaking roles
Double burden/second shift
where married women-especially ones with young children-still do more unpaid work at home than married men
double ghetto
the marginalization of working that women experience inside and outside the home
the gender strategy
Arlie Hochschild first proposed this strategy.
a plan of action through which a person tried to solve problems at hand, given cultural notions of gender at play
occupational segregation:
women choose occupations that have greatest flexibility in terms of childcare-related work interruptions (e.g, care for a sick child, care for a newborn child)
what does segregated conjugal dominate?
- recent immigrants in some ethnic groups adhered more to segregated conjugal roles (e.g. South Asian immigrants)
- Immigrants often slowly assimilate and adopt Western approach
Endogamy:
refers to marrying someone inside the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group as oneself (South Asians, Chinese)
exogamy:
marrying someone outside of the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group as oneself Canadians are becoming increasingly more comfortable with inter-ethnic marriages
Residential Schools:
Created to keep indigenous children away from the (assumed/implied harmful) influence of their parents and communities
Under the Alberta’s Sexual Sterilization act
(1928-1972) the province sterilized 2832 people, most of them women and 25% were first nation and Metis (was a form of genocide)
the 60s scoop
removal of large #s of Indigenous children from their families by government- affiliated agencies in the 1960s
