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chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cross cultural literacy

A

refers to understanding how fultural differences across and within countries can affect how business should be practiced

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2
Q

what is culture

A

A system of values and norms shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.

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3
Q

what are values

A

-ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.
-Provide the context within which a society’s norms are established and justified.
-They are invested with emotional significance.
-Reflected in the economic systems of a society.

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4
Q

what are norms

A

Social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.

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5
Q

what is a society

A

A group of people sharing a common set of values and norms.

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6
Q

what are folkways

A

-Reflected in the economic systems of a society.
-appropriate dress code, good social manners, attitude toward time.-
Include rituals and symbolic behavior.

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7
Q

what are mores

A

-Mores are norms seen as central to functioning of society.
Example: laws against theft. Drinking in Saudi Arabia (prison?) Have greater moral significance than other norms.

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8
Q

what are the 6 determinants of culture

A

-religion
-political philosophy
-economic philosophy
-education
language
societal culture

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9
Q

how do the determinants of culture effect culture

A

they form the values and norms of a culture over time

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10
Q

what is social structure

A

refers to basic social organization of a soceity

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11
Q

what are the 2 dimensions that help explain differences across cultures

A
  • ## the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual, as opposed to the groupThe degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes.
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12
Q

what is the basic building block of social organization in western societies

A

the individual, emphasis if on individual achievements

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13
Q

what is the primary unit of organization in non Western countries

A

the group, the importance is placed on group membership and identification

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14
Q

what is social stratification

A

social strata are hierarchical social categories often based on family background, occupation, and income.

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15
Q

what are the 4 basic principles of social structure

A

-its a trait of society
-carries over into next generation
-is generally universal but varies
-involves not just inequality but also beliefs

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16
Q

what is social mobility

A

extent to which individuals can move out of the strata that they were born into, varies among societies

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17
Q

what is a caste system

A

Caste system is a closed system where social position is determined by family and change is usually not possible

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18
Q

what is a class system

A

system of social position that is less rigid than the caste system, and can be changed through achievement and luck

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19
Q

what is the significance of social stratification

A

can affect business operations
-Class consciousness is a tendency for individuals to perceive themselves in terms of their class background.
-Makes it difficult to establish a competitive advantage in a global economy.

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20
Q

what are the impacts of class clashes (4)

A

mutual antagonism and lack of respect
difficult to cooperate
workplace disputes
increase in operations cost

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21
Q

what is religion

A

A system of shared beliefs and rituals concerned with the realm of the
sacred.

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22
Q

what is an ethical system

A

A set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape
behavior.

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23
Q

most ethical systems are the product of which 2 religions

A
  • Christian ethics
  • Islamic ethics
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24
Q

what are the 4 dominant religions today

A
  • Christianity.
  • Islam.
  • Hinduism.
  • Buddhism.
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25
what are the econonmic implications of christianity
Sociologists argue that Protestant branch has the most important economic implications. Max Weber, Protestant ethics, and the spirit of capitalism.
26
what makes protestants the branch that has the most important economic implications
business leaders and owners of capital are the overwhelmingly protestant
27
what did max weber the sociologist say about protestant and why is that the case
-strong relationship between the protestantism and emergence of capitalism -protestants have a hard working attitude, they focus on wealth creation, and theres an emphasis of individual religious freedom
28
what are the islamic beliefs that effect business
pro free enterprise -profit cannot be made through exploitation -islam, capitalism and globalization can coexist
29
what are hinduisms fundamental beliefs
A moral force in society requires the acceptance of certain responsibilities, called dharma. Rebirth into a different body, called reincarnation. The spiritual progression of each person’s soul, called karma. Achieving a complete spiritual perfection, called nirvana.
30
what is karma in hinduism and buddhism
-The force generated by a person's actions held in Hinduism and Buddhism to perpetuate transmigration and in its ethical consequences to determine the nature of the person's next existence -The universal causal law by which good or bad actions determine the future modes of an individual’s existence.
31
what are the economic implications of hinduism
Max Weber: Hindus are valued by their spiritual rather than material achievements. * Material and physical self-denial do not go hand in hand with capitalism.
32
what is buddhism
Stresses spiritual growth and the afterlife, rather than involvement in this world.
33
what are the economic implications of buddhism
Does not emphasize wealth creation. * Economies in the Buddhist regions were dominantly localized. * Does not support the caste system—individuals have some mobility and can work with individuals from different classes. * Recent trends bring the “Zen” orientation from Buddhism into business in the Western world.
34
what is confucianism
a religion mainly practiced in china, Korea, and Japan. -Teaches the importance of attaining personal salvation through right action. -focuses on High morals, ethical conduct, and loyalty to others.
35
what are the economic implications of confucianism
3 values of Confucianism—loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty—may all lead to lowering the cost of doing business in Confucian societies. Guanxi are relationship networks supported by reciprocal obligations
36
how does language affect culture
structures the way we see the world countries with multiple languages have multiple cultures
37
what is the mother tongue of the largest number of people, and what is the most widely spoken language
mandarin, english
38
what is unspoken language
non verbal communication like personal space
39
how does education effect culture
socializes the young into the values and norms of a culture, and it creates a national competitive advantage through having a skilled and knowledgeable workforce
40
what are hofstedes 6 dimensions of culture
-power distance index -individualism vs collectivism -masculinity vs femininity -uncertainty avoidance index -long term vs short term normative orientation -indulgence vs restraint
41
what does power distance refer to
refers to how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities.
42
what does individualism vs collectivism refer to
Individualism versus collectivism focuses on the relationship between individuals and their fellows.
43
what does uncertainty avoidance refer to
Uncertainty avoidance measures the extent to which different cultures socialize their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.
44
what does masculinity versus femininity refer to
Masculinity versus femininity looks at the relationship between gender and work roles.
45
what does long term vs short term orientation refer to
refers to the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs.
46
what does indulence vs restraint refer to
Indulgence refers to a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun. Restraint refers to a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.
47
western countries score what on (in hofstedes results)
high individualism and low on power distance
48
latin american and asian countries emphasize
collectivism and score high on power distance.
49
japan demonstrates strong (hofstede)
high uncertainty avoidance and high masculinity
50
what are the criticisms of hofstedes results (30
Assumes a one-to-one correspondence between culture and the nation- state when many countries have more than one culture. Research may be culturally bound. Research focused on a single industry.
51
what does the GLOBAL leadership and organizational behaviour effectiveness say about culture and business
a leaders effectiveness if contextual, and its embedded in the societal and organizational norms, values, and beliefs of the people being led.
52
the global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness establish -----
-nine cultural dimensions
53
what are the 9 cultural dimensions established by the globe
Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism, future orientation, and performance orientation.
54
what did the world values survery do regarding culture and business
Explores people’s values and norms, how they change over time, and what impact they have in society and business.
55
what dimensions were considered by the WVS (world values survey)
Support for democracy; tolerance of foreigners and ethnic minorities; support for gender equality; the role of religion and changing levels of religiosity; the impact of globalization; attitudes toward the environment, work, family, politics, national identity, culture, diversity, and insecurity; and subjective well-being.
56
what factors have effected the changing of cultures
Economic advancement and globalization may be important factors. Culture may change as a society becomes wealthier.
57
what is ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture.
58
edward t hall says that
Edward T. Hall notes that cultural differences in attitude to time can cause myriad problems.
59
how does culture affect competitive advantage
Values and norms influence costs of doing business and the costs of doing business influence ability to establish competitive advantage.
60
what culture lowers the cost of doing business relative to western nations and why
Some say culture of modern Japan lowers the cost of doing business relative to Western nations. -Honesty -Loyalty -Reciprocal obligations -Group affiliations Also, Japan less supportive of entrepreneurial activity.
61
why is the connection between culture and competitive advantage important
-Suggests which countries are likely to produce the most viable competitors. -Has important business implications for the choice of countries in which to locate production facilities and do business.
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International Business (7 decks)

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