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BIOL 311 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What do Animals rely on Prokaryotes for? Plans?

A

Animals: C-Fixation (converting CO2 -> organic carbon products)
Plants: N-Fixation (converting Nitrogen -> Ammonia)

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

TWO species BENEFIT from each other

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3
Q

Amensalism

A

ONE species HARMS ONE species UNAFFECTED

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

ONE species BENEFITS ONE species UNAFFECTED

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5
Q

Neutralism

A

TWO species UNAFFECTED

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6
Q

Parasitism

A

ONE species BENEFITS ONE species HARMED

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7
Q

Microbiome

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms are associated with a certain organism/environment. Community of Microbes on you or on things

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8
Q

Metagenome

A

Collective genome information of a microbiome (multiple microbes at once)

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9
Q

Taxonomy

A

Sorting things into “boxes”, structure knowledge NOT evolution

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of evolution. The evolution is a continuous process.

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11
Q

Classes of Proteobacteria (gram-negative)

A

Alpha-proteobacteria
Beta-proteobacteria
Gamma-proteobacteria
Delta-proteobacteria
Epsilon-proteobacteria

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12
Q

Alpha-proteobacteria characteristics

A

oligotrophs, some members are obligate intracellular pathogens

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13
Q

Oligotrophs

A

Organisms that are capable of living in low-nutrient environments

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14
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A

Spend a part of their life cycle inside other cells called host cells. They cannot synthesize their own ATP and rely on other cells for energy needs

  • Rickettsia
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15
Q

Alpha-proteobacterias

A
  • Agrobacterium (plant pathogen, causes plant
    tumors)
  • Caulobacter (used in studies on cellular adaptation
    and differentiation)
  • Methylocystis (Nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria)
  • Rhizobium (Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in soil
    and form symbiotic relationships with roots of
    legumes)
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16
Q

Beta-proteobacteria characteristics

A
  • Eutrophs (requiring copious amount of organic
    nutrients)
  • Grow in aerobic and anaerobic areas
  • Includes species that are human pathogens
    (Gonorrhea and Meningitis)
17
Q

Beta-proteobacterias

A
  • Bordetella (Aerobic, very fastidious)
  • Leptothrix (Aquatic, oxidize iron and manganese, can
    live in wastewater treatment plants and clog pipes
  • Thiobacillus (Thermophilic, acidophilic, aerobic
    bacteria, oxidize iron and sulfer
18
Q

Gamma-proteobacteria characteristics

A
  • Most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria, and
    includes a number of human pathogens
  • Family of Pseudomonadaceae (can’t get rid of them)
19
Q

Pseudomonadaceae

A
  • strictly aerobic, nonfermenting, mobile bacterium
  • ## Resistant to many antibiotics
20
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A
  • Large family of enteric (intestinal bacteria)
  • Facultative anaerobes and ferment carbohydrates
21
Q

Enterobacteriaceae (Coliforms)

A
  • Coliforms ferment lactose completely with the
    production of acid and gas
  • E.Coli is the best known organism
22
Q

Enterobacteriaceae (Non- Coliforms)

A
  • Non-Coliforms cannot ferment lactose/can only
    ferment it incompletely with some acid or gas
    production
  • Salmonella
23
Q

Gammaproteobacterias

A

Enterobacter
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Methylomonas
Shigella
Yersinia

24
Q

Delta-proteobacteria (Gram-negative) characteristics

A
  • Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs), use sulfate as the final electron acceptor in ETC
  • Bdellovibrio: considered a predatory bacterium
    (Obigate aerobes, motile, parasitic (infects other bacteria)
25
Epsilon-proteobacteria
26
Gram Negative Non-Proteobacteria
- Chlamydia - Spirochetes - Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and bacteroides group - Planctomycetes
27
Is Chlamydia Alpha-proteobacteria or Gram Negative Non-proteobacteria
- Gram Negative Non-proteobacteria
28
Chlamydia
Obligate intracellular pathogens
29
Spirochetes
Detected using a darkfield fluorescent microscope Difficult/impossible to culture Highly motile using axial filament to propel themselves Include human pathogens
30
Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides (CFB) group
- Cytophaga: Motile aquatic bacteria that glide - Fusobacterium: in the human mouth and may cause severe diseases - Bacteroides: Largest group of (CFB) in the large intestine of mammals - Mutualistic (benefit from nutrients and human benefits from their ability to prevent pathogens) - Few are pathogenic
31
Planctomycetes
- In aquatic environments (freshwater, saltwater, and brackish water - Reproduce by budding - One maternal cell splits into two equal daughter cells in the process of binary fission - The mother cell forms a bud that detaches from the mother cell and lives as a independent cell.
32
Phototrophic Bacteria
- Large and diverse group that use suhlight as their primary source of energy to synthesize ATP through photosynthesis - Some produce oxygen (oxygenic photosynthesis) and some do not (anoxygenic photosynthesis)
33
Bacteriochlorophylls
green, purple, or blue pigments similar to chlorophyll in plants
34
Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid. They use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon
35
Green Sulfur Bacteria
Use sulfide for oxidation and produce large amounts of green bacteriochlorophyll
36
Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria
Use H2 rather than H2S for oxidation, facultative anaerobes. Can metabolize ("fix") N2
37
Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria
Similar to green sulfur bacteria but they use substrates other than sulfides for oxidation. Performs anoxygenic photosynthesis using organic sulfites or molecular hydrogen as electron donors
38
Cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus & Synechococcus)
- Most abundant organism on Earth - Invented photosynthesis -
39
Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Additional characteristics can be used to classify gram-positive prokaryotes, namely the guanin to cystosine rations (G+C) in DNA and the composition of 16S rRNA subunits

BIOL 311 (11 decks)

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