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BIOL 311 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What do Animals rely on Prokaryotes for? Plans?

A

Animals: C-Fixation (converting CO2 -> organic carbon products)
Plants: N-Fixation (converting Nitrogen -> Ammonia)

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

TWO species BENEFIT from each other

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3
Q

Amensalism

A

ONE species HARMS ONE species UNAFFECTED

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

ONE species BENEFITS ONE species UNAFFECTED

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5
Q

Neutralism

A

TWO species UNAFFECTED

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6
Q

Parasitism

A

ONE species BENEFITS ONE species HARMED

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7
Q

Microbiome

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms are associated with a certain organism/environment. Community of Microbes on you or on things

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8
Q

Metagenome

A

Collective genome information of a microbiome (multiple microbes at once)

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9
Q

Taxonomy

A

Sorting things into “boxes”, structure knowledge NOT evolution

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of evolution. The evolution is a continuous process.

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11
Q

Classes of Proteobacteria (gram-negative)

A

Alpha-proteobacteria
Beta-proteobacteria
Gamma-proteobacteria
Delta-proteobacteria
Epsilon-proteobacteria

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12
Q

Alpha-proteobacteria characteristics

A

oligotrophs, some members are obligate intracellular pathogens

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13
Q

Oligotrophs

A

Organisms that are capable of living in low-nutrient environments

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14
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A

Spend a part of their life cycle inside other cells called host cells. They cannot synthesize their own ATP and rely on other cells for energy needs

  • Rickettsia
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15
Q

Alpha-proteobacterias

A
  • Agrobacterium (plant pathogen, causes plant
    tumors)
  • Caulobacter (used in studies on cellular adaptation
    and differentiation)
  • Methylocystis (Nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria)
  • Rhizobium (Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in soil
    and form symbiotic relationships with roots of
    legumes)
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16
Q

Beta-proteobacteria characteristics

A
  • Eutrophs (requiring copious amount of organic
    nutrients)
  • Grow in aerobic and anaerobic areas
  • Includes species that are human pathogens
    (Gonorrhea and Meningitis)
17
Q

Beta-proteobacterias

A
  • Bordetella (Aerobic, very fastidious)
  • Leptothrix (Aquatic, oxidize iron and manganese, can
    live in wastewater treatment plants and clog pipes
  • Thiobacillus (Thermophilic, acidophilic, aerobic
    bacteria, oxidize iron and sulfer
18
Q

Gamma-proteobacteria characteristics

A
  • Most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria, and
    includes a number of human pathogens
  • Family of Pseudomonadaceae (can’t get rid of them)
19
Q

Pseudomonadaceae

A
  • strictly aerobic, nonfermenting, mobile bacterium
  • ## Resistant to many antibiotics
20
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A
  • Large family of enteric (intestinal bacteria)
  • Facultative anaerobes and ferment carbohydrates
21
Q

Enterobacteriaceae (Coliforms)

A
  • Coliforms ferment lactose completely with the
    production of acid and gas
  • E.Coli is the best known organism
22
Q

Enterobacteriaceae (Non- Coliforms)

A
  • Non-Coliforms cannot ferment lactose/can only
    ferment it incompletely with some acid or gas
    production
  • Salmonella
23
Q

Gammaproteobacterias

A

Enterobacter
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Methylomonas
Shigella
Yersinia

24
Q

Delta-proteobacteria (Gram-negative) characteristics

A
  • Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs), use sulfate as the final electron acceptor in ETC
  • Bdellovibrio: considered a predatory bacterium
    (Obigate aerobes, motile, parasitic (infects other bacteria)
25
Q

Epsilon-proteobacteria

A
26
Q

Gram Negative Non-Proteobacteria

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Spirochetes
  • Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and bacteroides group
  • Planctomycetes
27
Q

Is Chlamydia Alpha-proteobacteria or Gram Negative Non-proteobacteria

A
  • Gram Negative Non-proteobacteria
28
Q

Chlamydia

A

Obligate intracellular pathogens

29
Q

Spirochetes

A

Detected using a darkfield fluorescent microscope
Difficult/impossible to culture
Highly motile using axial filament to propel themselves
Include human pathogens

30
Q

Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides (CFB) group

A
  • Cytophaga: Motile aquatic bacteria that glide
  • Fusobacterium: in the human mouth and may cause severe diseases
  • Bacteroides: Largest group of (CFB) in the large intestine of mammals
    - Mutualistic (benefit from nutrients and human
    benefits from their ability to prevent pathogens)
    - Few are pathogenic
31
Q

Planctomycetes

A
  • In aquatic environments (freshwater, saltwater, and
    brackish water
  • Reproduce by budding
    - One maternal cell splits into two equal daughter cells in the process of binary fission
    - The mother cell forms a bud that detaches from the mother cell and lives as a independent cell.
32
Q

Phototrophic Bacteria

A
  • Large and diverse group that use suhlight as their primary source of energy to synthesize ATP through photosynthesis
  • Some produce oxygen (oxygenic photosynthesis) and some do not (anoxygenic photosynthesis)
33
Q

Bacteriochlorophylls

A

green, purple, or blue pigments similar to chlorophyll in plants

34
Q

Purple Sulfur Bacteria

A

Oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid. They use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon

35
Q

Green Sulfur Bacteria

A

Use sulfide for oxidation and produce large amounts of green bacteriochlorophyll

36
Q

Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria

A

Use H2 rather than H2S for oxidation, facultative anaerobes. Can metabolize (“fix”) N2

37
Q

Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria

A

Similar to green sulfur bacteria but they use substrates other than sulfides for oxidation. Performs anoxygenic photosynthesis using organic sulfites or molecular hydrogen as electron donors

38
Q

Cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus & Synechococcus)

A
  • Most abundant organism on Earth
  • ## Invented photosynthesis
39
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A
  • Additional characteristics can be used to classify gram-positive prokaryotes, namely the guanin to cystosine rations (G+C) in DNA and the composition of 16S rRNA subunits

BIOL 311 (11 decks)

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