Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychosis?

A
  • mental state = profound disturbance in thinking
  • difficulty distinguishing between most people’s “reality” and their own perception of the world
  • may involve voices, delusions, difficulty navigating life
  • central feature of schizophrenia
  • not limited to schizophrenia
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2
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Episodic
  • hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • experiencing new or additional mental phenomena
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3
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • deficits in “normal” behaviour
  • chronic
  • Existing behaviours or feelings decline or disappear
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4
Q

What are the two forms of psychosis?

A

Hallucinations - sensory experience that occurs without any clear stimulus

and Delusions - holding a belief that most others consider impossible or highly unlikely, described as irrational or false beliefs that the person will hold even when presented with evidence against

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5
Q

What are persecutory delusions?

A

a person believes that others are “out to get them”, or that they are being targeted for mistreatment

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6
Q

What are Grandiose Delusions?

A

A person believes themselves to be in a position of great power, such as a deity, celebrity, or a head of government

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7
Q

What are Delusions related to control?

A

A person may believe that an external force is controlling their thoughts or body, or that thoughts are being implanted or broadcast aloud

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8
Q

What are delusions of reference?

A

Believing that they are being communicated with in code (receiving hidden secret messages through magazine or politicians gestures during broadcasted speech)

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9
Q

What are obsessive beliefs?

A

Perhaps thinking that a partner is having an affair, without evidence

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10
Q

What are Erotomanic delusions?

A

Believing that a stranger or celebrity is in love with them

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11
Q

What are delusions of guilt?

A

Deeply held belief that they have caused harm to others, when they have not

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12
Q

What are somatic delusions?

A

Believing that they have a bodily malfunction or terrible illness, without evidence of this

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13
Q

What is Disorganized speech as a positive symptom?

A
  • unusual or disorganized speech patterns = core component of schizophrenia
  • switching topics suddenly and frequently
  • Using the same word repeatedly, maybe holds special meaning
  • non responsive or unproductive answers to questions
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14
Q

What are examples of Negative Symptoms?

A
  • “blunted affect” - less expressive tone of voice/facial expressions
  • reduced speech with short responses, little elaboration
  • Increased speech, but repetitive, with “poverty of content”
  • May be more debilitating and limiting than positive symptoms
  • seen as chronic or persistent (present for years)
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15
Q

What is Avolition?

A

Lack of drive, difficulty taking initiative to engage in routine tasks (including activities of daily living, eating/bathing)

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16
Q

What are examples of changes in social behaviour in those experiencing schizophrenia?

A

Increased isolation, perhaps due to desiring to be alone or difficulty in maintaining relationships stemming from symptoms

17
Q

What is Anhedonia?

A

Inability to experience pleasure, a change in one’s sense of enjoyment; things are no longer pleasurable (a symptom of depression)

18
Q

What are the 5 values of The Hearing Voices Movement?

A
  1. Voice hearing not restricted to sick or those experiencing mental illness
  2. No correct way to explain phenomenon: cultural and personal beliefs (ex: more individualistic societies like America = more negative)
  3. Take ownership of their experience-be empowered, rather than defined by “expert” explanations or medical intervention
  4. Voices not result of disease; consider psychological emotional and spiritual experience
  5. Challenges dominant belief that voices must be suppressed: rather accepted as real and significant aspect of person’s existence
19
Q

What are the debates centred around schizophrenia?

A

Prevalence, cause and ethology, treatment, plus concerns about popular representations and stigma -> recognize need to counter stigma and discrimination

20
Q

What are some stigmas and popular representations of schizophrenia?

A
  • damaged, different, deranged, mad genius, violent, unhinged
21
Q

What is chloropromazine

A

held up as first effective antipsychotic medication
(thought to treat hopeless cases, uncomfortable side effects, less agency to some)

22
Q

What are side effects of early antipsychotics

A
  • many related to movement
    -tardive dyskinesia (involuntary and uncomfortable movement of face, mouth, tongue)
  • weight gain
  • increased risk of diabetes
  • sexual dysfunction
  • increase overall mortality?
23
Q

What are disturbances in Cognition?

A
  • adverse effects on memory, attention, learning
  • disrupt life
  • primary hallmark?