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Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What has drug trade contributed to

A

tremendous wealth and political influence of societies (commodities)

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2
Q

What were the uses of drugs?

A

medicine, spiritual, concerns about addiction and misuse

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3
Q

What are ways of viewing someone struggling with addiction

A
  1. illness
  2. moral failing
  3. lack of control
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4
Q

what is addiction

A

repetitive consumption of a substance, or repetitive engagement in an activity considered problematic

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5
Q

What are the core concepts of addiction even as it evolved over time

A

harmful to the individual and/or the people around them

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6
Q

Why is drug use a better term than addict

A

addict = lacks precision and clarity, stigma
Drug use = transparent, neutral, free of judgement

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7
Q

What are illicit drugs

A

controlled/prohibited substances (heroin, cocaine) and diverted pharmaceuticals (prescription opioids)

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8
Q

What is harmful/problematic/drug misuse?

A

consumption that causes social, psychological or health problems for individuals or society

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9
Q

What is drug dependence?

A
  1. impaired control of use
  2. increased tolerance
  3. continued use despite negative consequences and withdrawal symptoms
    - replaced drug addiction in ICD
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10
Q

Substance use vs Substance abuse

A

subjective distinctions and value judgements based on particular understandings of physiology, psychology, law, and history

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11
Q

When was a distinction made between normal drinking and abnormal drinking

A

18th century

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12
Q

What is inebriety

A

Late 19th century
- concept that likened abnormal drinking to physical illness…

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13
Q

When was the term alcoholism made what does it mean

A

1940’s, problem drinking and physiological dependence

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14
Q

What are the two parallel models of addiction developed in 19th century

A
  1. disease model
    - addiction from physiological or psychological predispositions
    - contributed to theory of individual degeneracy
    -institutionalization and sterilization
  2. Addiction from characteristics of the substance itself
    - temperance movement
    -restrictions or prohibitions

*both impact current responses

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15
Q

What is the temperance movement

A

identified substance as source of problem and advocated for severe restrictions or prohibitions

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16
Q

What are some consequences of medicalization?

A
  • reduce individual responsibility and imperative to improve
  • decrease emphasis on social, economic, cultural contexts
  • less attention to systemic and underlying issues
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17
Q

What do opioids do

A

act on nervous system to relieve pain

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18
Q

what does cannabis do

A

produce feelings of euphoria, lightness of limbs, increased appetite, tachycardia, and impaired judgement

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19
Q

what does cocaine do

A

feelings of elation, exaggerated confidence… acute toxic reactions

20
Q

what are the key components of dependence

A
  1. physiological syndrome involving tolerance
  2. withdrawal
21
Q

What do behavioural addictions have in common with substance use disorders

A

compulsion, loss of control, continued use/behaviour despite negative consequences

22
Q

What are some ways addiction is thought to be medical?

A
  • neurological changes in brain/reward systems
  • hijacked brain model of addiction
23
Q

What are the risks of expanding definition of addiction to behaviours and making it as a disease?

A
  • difficult to view behaviours as diseases
  • downplays personal agency
  • de-emphasizes social factors shaping behaviour
  • need to re-examine the disease model
24
Q

What is the 3 criteria for substance dependence?

A
  1. impaired control
  2. overriding priority
  3. tolerance to / withdrawal symptoms

2/11 within 12 month period

25
What were the Skinner box studies
captive, isolated caged rats would repetitively self administer drugs until overdose = concluded addiction due to drugs and therefore drugs addictive to humans
26
True or False - people who use heroin are highly disposed to have serious social problems even before they touch heroin
True
27
What kinds of things influence consumption of substances and what does that say about addiction
broader trends in culture, patterns of use that evolve - a societal problem and issue
28
what does deaths of despair mean?
Increases in rates of deaths attributed to drugs, alcohol, and suicide (coined by 2 economists describing increase in manual workers in USA)
29
What are some arguments on deaths of despair
- its a consequence of lacking a meaningful life as a result of social/economic changes - low pay/benefit, unemployment, community and family disintegration - stress
30
What are the treatment options of addiction
- psychotherapy - further work for underlying psychological problems (anxiety, depression, prior trauma) - history of adverse childhood experiences increase vulnerability - meds to support - residential rehab - LSD in treatment - AA or religious services
31
What is the goal of treatment
1. eliminate illicit substance use 2. increase social stability 3. reduce overdose and negative health outcomes (ex: HIV)
32
What is prescription heroin?
- harm reduction - prescribed and dispensed in supervised condition - reduces health, legal, and social problems from dependency - *** not recognized as treatment by abstinence perspectives or narcotics anonymous, due to continued use
33
What are opioid antagonists
- along with detoxification - ex: naltrexone - blocks effects of opioids
34
What is the war on drugs
end international trade in drugs by directing military and police resources to eliminating trade and consumption - more not have met objectives - marginalize, criminalize, stigmatize
35
What are the consequences of criminalization
- constrains opportunities for regulation - drives many harms stemming from illicit drugs (ex: HIV) - interferes with provision of risk reduction efforts - marginalization and stigma reduce engagement with healthcare system = poor care experiences and barriers - encounters with police - violence in drug scenes - contaminated drug supply in unregulated market engagement in criminal justice system - marginalization and stigma - high levels of incarceration for non violent drug offences
36
What are lessons from alcohol prohibition
- many unintended consequences - did reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol related harm
37
What is Alcoholics Anonymous
- predominant narrative regarding treatment and recovery - controversial as frontline response - claims people intrinsically predisposed to addiction - 12 step process - roots in Oxford group
38
What was the Oxford group and what did they do
popular religious group focusing on self improvement, self reflection, admitting wrongs, making amends, praying, meditating, preaching message to others - led to AA
39
who were bill w and dr bob smith
created AA
40
What is the basic assumption with disease model
vulnerable to addiction because of physiology or psychology, irreversible, no cure
41
What is the basic assumption of temperance movement model
Some substances are inherently prone to causing habits, and cannot be allowed to be available
42
How is addiction a social issue
- linked with what we define as acceptable or not - certain substances viewed as more harmful than others - socioculturally defined what is addiction or not
43
How do dependency and addiction differ
addiction = compulsive, loss of control, continued use dependence doesn't constitute addiction (can experience withdrawal and tolerance but not display benchmarks of addiction)
44
what are the main components of addiction
compulsion loss of control continued use besides negative consequences
45
why don't people view some substances as addiction
1. lower levels of dependence 2. generally lack risk of severe harms like overdose
46
When does substance use become misuse
when 'problems' emerge in individuals life
47
what was the role of war on drugs?
1. problems related to drugs stem from criminalized nature 2. stigma = oppose health/social programs

mental illness (16 decks)

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