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Phlebotomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

define infection prevention

A

The set of methods practiced in healthcare facilities to prevent and control the spread of disease

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2
Q

define a microorganism

A

a living thing that is so small that it is only visible under a microscope. they are always present in the environment, and always on or in the human body

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3
Q

what is the difference between a microorganism and a microbe?

A

they are the same thing

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4
Q

what is an infection?

A

infections happen when a harmful microorganism, called a pathogen, invades the body and multiplies

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5
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a harmful microorganism

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6
Q

what is the normal flora?

A

the bacteria that normally exist in the body

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7
Q

how does the normal flora become pathogens?

A

the normal flora bacteria can become pathogens and cause infection if they invade an area outside of their normal range

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8
Q

what are the two main types of infections?

A

Localized and Systemic infections

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9
Q

what is a localized infection?

A

an infection that is limited to a specific location in the body.
it has local symptoms, meaning the symptoms are only near the site of infection. example: a wound becoming infected and the area around it may become red, swollen, warm, and painful.

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10
Q

what is a systemic infection?

A

An infection that affects the entire body. This type of infection travels through the bloodstream and is spread throughout the body.
It causes general symptoms. For example, chills, fever, or mental confusion.

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11
Q

what is an HAI?

A

Healthcare-Associated Infection - which is an infection that is acquired in a healthcare setting during the delivery of medical care.

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12
Q

are HAI’s localized or systemic?

A

They can be either located or systemic.

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13
Q

How can HAI’s be transmitted?

A

HAI’s can be transmitted from healthcare workers to patients, or through equipment at the facility.

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14
Q

what are 3 common HAIs?

A

-Urinary tract infection from the use of catheters
-Bloodstream infections associated with central lines
-Diarrhea and nausea caused by clostridiodes dificle (C. diff)

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15
Q

what are signs and symptoms of localized infections?

A

pain, redness, swilling, pus, drainage (fluid from a wound or cavity), heat

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16
Q

what are signs and symptoms of systemic infections?

A

fever, body aches, chills, nausea, vomiting, weakness, headache, mental confusion

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17
Q

define chain of infection

A

a way of describing how disease is transmitted from one human being to another

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18
Q

what are the 6 chains of infection in order?

A
  1. Causative agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of exit
  4. Mode of Transmission
  5. Portal of entry
  6. Suscebtiple host
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19
Q

what chain link is the causative agent? what is it?

A

A causative agent is chain link #1.
A causative agent is a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease. Microorganisms are everywhere - food, air, water, etc. Causative agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

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20
Q

what is chain link #2?

A

Reservoir

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21
Q

what is the reservoir chain link?

A

A reservoir is where pathogens live and multiply. A reservoir can be a human, animal, plant, soil, or substance. Warm, dark, and moist places are the ideal environment for microorganisms to live, grow, and multiply. Some microorganisms need oxygen to grow, and others do not. Examples of reservoirs are lungs, blood, and the large intestine.

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22
Q

what chain link is the portal of exit? what is it?

A

The portal of exit is chain link #3.
The portal of exit is any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave. Examples are the nose, mouth, eyes, or nonintact skin.

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23
Q

what chain link is the mode of transmission? what is it?

A

The mode of transmission is chain link #4.
The mode of transmission describes how the pathogen travels. Transmission can occur through the air, or through direct or indirect contact.

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24
Q

what two types of transmission occur in mode of transmission?

A

Direct contact and indirect contact

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25
Q

what is direct contact in the mode of transmission?

A

Direct contact happens by touching the infected person or their secretions

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26
Q

what is indirect contact in the mode of transmission?

A

Indirect contact results from touching an object contaminated by the infected person, such as a needle, dressing, tissue, or bed linen.

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27
Q

What is the primary route of disease transmission within the healthcare setting?

A

Via the hands of healthcare workers

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28
Q

what is chain link #5?

A

The portal of entry is chain link #5.

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29
Q

what is the portal of entry?

A

The portal of entry is any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter. Examples are the nose, mouth, eyes, and other mucous membranes, cuts in the skin, and cracked skin.

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30
Q

what are mucous membranes?

A

Mucous membranes are the membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside of the body. Examples are the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, and genitals.

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31
Q

what chain link is the susceptible host? what is it?

A

A susceptible host is chain link #6, the last chain link.
A susceptible host is an uninfected person who could become ill. Examples are healthcare workers and anyone in their care who is not already infected with that particular disease.

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32
Q

If one of the links in the chain of infection is broken, then what happens?

A

then the spread of infection is stopped

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33
Q

what is the most important way to stop the spread of infection?

A

handwashing

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34
Q

define medical asepsis

A

Medical asepsis refers to measures that are used to reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens. Handwashing is a part of medical asepsis, along with the PBT taking measures like wearing gloves and disinfecting the blood draw site.

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35
Q

define surgical asepsis

A

Surgical asepsis makes an object or area completely free of all microorganisms, not just pathogens. Procedures requiring this level of precautions are said to be performed using ‘sterile technique’ (these procedures are usually out of the scope of practice for entry-level PBTs, but they still need to know about it). The sterile technique requires sterile gloves (and other necessary PPE like a mask, gown, and shoe or hair cover), sterile equipment, and the creation of a sterile field, or a microorganism-free work area.

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36
Q

States and federal agencies have guidelines and laws concerning infection prevention. What are the 2 agencies we learned about?

A

OSHA and CDC

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37
Q

what does OSHA stand for? what is it?

A

OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This is a federal government agency that makes rules to protect workers from hazards on the job.

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38
Q

what does CDC stand for?

A

CDC stands for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This is also a federal government agency that issues guidelines to protect and improve the health of individuals and communities. Through education, the CDC aims to prevent and control disease, injury, and disability, as well as to promote public health.

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39
Q

The CDC created an infection prevention system to reduce the risk of contracting infectious diseases in healthcare settings. There are 2 levels of these precautions within the CDC’s infection prevention system - what are they?

A

Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions

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40
Q

what are standard precautions?

A

Standard precautions (made by the CDC) is when you treat blood, bodily fluids, nonintact skin (like abrasions, pimples, or open sores), and mucus membranes as if they were infected. Body fluids include tears, saliva, sputum, urine, feces, semen, vaginal secretions, pus or other wound drainage, and vomit. This doesn’t include sweat.

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41
Q

why isn’t sweat considered a body fluid treated in standard precautions?

A

Because the concentration of potential pathogens in sweat is too low to be considered a risk.

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42
Q

Do standard precautions need to be used with every patient?

A

Yes, Standard Precautions MUST be used with every patient.

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43
Q

what are transmission-based requirements?

A

This is a second level of precautions set by the CDC BEYOND the standard precautions.
These guidelines are used for people who are infected or may be infected with certain infectious diseases.
Transmission-based precautions are used in ADDITION to standard precautions.

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44
Q

are transmission-based requirements of a pt made known to healthcare workers? how?

A

Yes, these precautions will always be listed in the patient’s care plan and on the PBT’s assignment sheet. It is also always posted on the door of the patient’s room.

45
Q

what are 5 conditions that require transmission-based precautions in addition to standard precautions?

A

-MDROs
-C. diff
-Scabies
-Lice
-Influenza (during an outbreak)

46
Q

what are MDROs?

A

Multidrug-resistant organisms: they are organisms, mostly bacteria, that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents that are commonly used for treatment

47
Q

what are 2 examples of MDROs?

A

MRSA and VRE

48
Q

There are 3 categories of transmission-based precautions that are used depending on what type of pathogen or disease the person has or may have, and how it spreads. What are these 3 categories?

A

Airborne precautions, droplet precautions, and contact precautions.
These precautions may also be used in combination for diseases that have multiple routes of transmission.

49
Q

what are airborne precautions?

A

These transmission-based precautions prevent the spread of pathogens that can be transmitted through the air after being expelled. Precautions include wearing special masks.

50
Q

what are droplet precautions?

A

These transmission-based precautions are used for diseases that are spread by droplets in the air. Precautions include wearing masks and covering your mouth when coughing/sneezing.

51
Q

what are contact precautions?

A

These transmission-based precautions are used when a patient is at risk of spreading an infection by direct contact with a person or object. Precautions include wearing gloves and a gown, and patient isolation.

52
Q

how do standard and transmission-based precautions stop the spread of infection?

A

Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions are ways to stop the spread of infection by interrupting the mode of transmission. So these guidelines don’t stop an infected person from giving off pathogens, but they help prevent the pathogens from infecting other people.

53
Q

what are lancets?

A

they are the device used for capillary punctures

54
Q

when should PBTs use gloves?

A

PBTs should always wear gloves for every blood draw and wash their hands before putting on gloves and after taking them off

55
Q

should you ever attempt to recap needles?

A

NO

56
Q

what should you do when your hands are visibly soiled?

A

wash them with soap and water

57
Q

what is the most important thing a PBT can do to prevent the spread of disease?

A

handwashing

58
Q

define hand hygiene

A

washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rubs

59
Q

define an invasive procedure

A

a procedure that involves inserting a foreign object into a patient’s body. PBTs perform invasive procedures by taking blood

60
Q

in most cases, what is the only form of PPE that PBTs use?

A

gloves, changing gloves between each patient. but sometimes they may need to wear gowns, masks, goggles, or face shields.

61
Q

define ‘to don’

A

to put on

62
Q

define ‘to doff’

A

to take off/remove

63
Q

what is the procedure to don a full set of PPE?

A
  1. Wash hands
  2. Put on gown (open gown, hold it in front of you, and allow it to unfold and open, put each arm through, fasten the neck, tie the back)
  3. Put on mask and respirator
  4. Put on goggles or face shield
  5. Put on gloves
64
Q

what PPE should be removed before exiting the patient room?

A

All PPE must be removed before exiting the patient’s room EXCEPT a respirator. A respirator will be removed AFTER leaving the room and closing the door.

65
Q

what is the procedure to doff a full set of PPE?

A
  1. Remove and discard gloves
  2. Remove and discard the goggles and face shield
  3. Remove and discard the gown
  4. Remove and discard the mask
  5. Wash hands (always the final step after doffing_
66
Q

define bloodborne pathogens and state where they are found

A

Bloodborne pathogens are microorganisms found in human blood that can cause infections and disease in humans. They may also be found in body fluids, draining wounds, and mucous membranes.

67
Q

how are the bloodborne pathogens transmitted?

A

These pathogens are transmitted by infected blood entering the bloodstream. It can also be transmitted if infected semen/vaginal secretions contact mucous membranes.
Sharing or reusing needles is another way to spread bloodborne diseases.

68
Q

can bloodborne diseases be spread by casual touch?

A

NO

69
Q

what are two major bloodborne diseases in the US?

A
  1. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  2. The viral hepatitis family
70
Q

what does HIV stand for?

A

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus

71
Q

what is HIV? what does it cause?

A

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Over time, HIV weakens the immune system so the body can’t properly flight off infections. The final stage of HIV is AIDS.

72
Q

what is the final stage of HIV?

A

AIDS

73
Q

is there a vaccine for HIV?

A

No, not yet

74
Q

define hepatitis

A

Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors like alcohol abuse, some meds, and trauma.

75
Q

can liver function be permanently damaged by hepatitis?

A

YES

76
Q

What are the most common types of Hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis A, B, and C

77
Q

In healthcare, what does clean mean?

A

Clean = not contaminated with pathogens

78
Q

In healthcare, what does dirty mean?

A

Dirty = contaminated with pathogens

79
Q

define disinfection

A

Disinfection = A process that kills pathogens, but does not destroy all pathogens. It REDUCES the pathogen count to a level that is considered not infectious.

80
Q

how is disinfection carried out?

A

disinfection is carried out with pasteurization or chemical germicides.

81
Q

what are some things that are disinfected in drawing stations of PBTs?

A

Countertops and other surfaces in a drawing station are usually disinfected

82
Q

define sterilization

A

Sterilization = a cleaning measure that destroys all microorganisms, including pathogens. This includes those that form spores.

83
Q

which items need to be sterilized?

A

Items that need to be sterilized are ones that go directly into the bloodstream, or into other normally sterile areas of the body.

84
Q

does sterilization kill spores?

A

Yes

85
Q

what are respirators?

A

special masks that are required to be worn for certain diseases, like TB

86
Q

Which of the following is true of healthcare-associated infections?
a. They can occur anywhere in a community.
b. They are a concern for particular healthcare workers, but not all.
c. They are relatively easy to cure.
d. Proper hand hygiene can prevent or control their spread.

A

d. Proper hand hygiene can prevent or control their spread.

87
Q

What is the primary route of disease transmission in a healthcare facility?
a. infected needles and other sharps
b. improperly sanitized equipment
c. the hands of healthcare workers
d. infected waste from the patients’ rooms

A

c. the hands of healthcare workers

88
Q

In which of the following situations is it appropriate for a PBT to NOT use standard precautions?
a. It is never appropriate
b. When the PBT is personally familiar with the patient and knows him to be healthy
c. When the pt indicates she does not have any infectious diseases.
d. When a doctor accused the PBT that the patient did not have any infectious diseases.

A

a. It is never appropriate

89
Q

OSHA’s recommendation that biomedical waste be properly discarded at the point of origin means what?

A

There should be an appropriate container in every location where biomedical waste is created

90
Q

How long should a PBT rub hands together when washing hands with soap and water?

A

20 seconds

91
Q

When should a PBT change gloves and perform hand hygiene between patient interaction?

A

Always (between each patient, before and after)

92
Q

What is the precaution used to prevent the spread of influenza?

A

Wearing a face mask when caring for a pt with influenza

93
Q

what is the maximum distance usually traveled by droplets that carry viruses?

A

6 feet

94
Q

how is a healthcare worker most likely to be exposed to a bloodborne disease?

A

by contact with infected blood or body fluids

95
Q

One of the differences between hepatitis B and HIV is that…

A

There is a vaccine for Hepatitis B, but no vaccine to protect against HIV

96
Q

what should blood specimens be transported in?

A

In an appropriately labeled bag or container

97
Q

what is an employer’s responsibility for infection prevention?
a. Training employees in the use of PPE
b. Providing free vaccinations for all illnesses employees might be exposed to.
c. Allowing employees to take time off when influenza or other illnesses are widespread.
d. Proving in-service education about infection prevention if it is requested by employees.

A

a. Training employees in the use of PPE

98
Q

define analytes

A

A portion of a blood sample removed from the original sample after centrifugation

99
Q

blood culture may be ordered when a patient is suspected of having an infection in the bloodstream. what type of infection is this?

A

systemic

100
Q

how long can C. diff spores live in surfaces?

A

for months and even years

101
Q

which of the following is an example of breaking the mode of transmission link in the chain of infection?
a. receiving a vaccination
b. taking an antiviral medication after being exposed to a confirmed case of influenza
c. washing hands
d. an uninfected person wearing a mask to avoid inhaling infectious microorganisms

A

c. washing hands

102
Q

medical asepsis involves:
a. making an object or area completely free of all microorganisms
b. taking measures to reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens
c. creating a sterile field
d. using sterile gloves and equipment

A

b. taking measures to reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens

103
Q

if a patient’s blood gets on a PBT’s intact skin, what action should the PBT take?

A

the PBT should immediately wash off the blood with soap and water

104
Q

when is an alcohol-based hand rub considered a satisfactory substitute for handwashing?

A

when hands are NOT visibly soiled

105
Q

after handwashing, it is best for a PBT to turn the faucet off by:
a. using a clean, dry paper towel
b. first drying hands with a paper towel and then use the same paper towel to turn the faucet off
c. using an elbow
d. using her non-dominant hand

A

a. using a clean, dry paper towel

106
Q

face shields are used when:
a. a pt has a known airborne illness
b. a pt has a cough
c. there is a risk of blood or body fluids splashing or spraying in the eyes
d. the pt has a documented bloodborne disease

A

c. there is a risk of blood or body fluids splashing or spraying in the eyes

107
Q

when removing gloves, where should the first glove be grasped?

A

at the palm

108
Q

what precautions does influenza require?

A

droplet precautions

109
Q

a pt for whom Airborne Precautions have been ordered may be in a room called _____

A

an airborne infection isolation room

Phlebotomy (12 decks)

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