chapter 4 Flashcards
anything with shape and form that occupies space
matter
any material with a definite and constant composition; the simplest form is an element
substance
a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by ordinary means
element
the smallest single unit of an element retaining all of its chemical behaviors
atom
a substance in which atoms of different elements are bound together chemically
compound
a combination of 2 or more substances such that they are not chemically bond together
mixture
2 or more atoms chemically bond together
molecule
defined as the mass of a proton
atomic mass unit
the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus
atomic number
2 types of chemical bonding
covalent and ionic bonds
the outermost shell of the atom can never hold more than 8 electrons
the octect rule
occurs when 2 atoms come together because they have an odd number of electrons
covalent bonding
an atom with a net electrical charge of plus 1
positive ion
any electrically charged particles
ion
loss of an electron by an atom
ionization
when negative and positive ions migrate towards each other due to the force of electrical attraction
ionic bonding
large particles comprising the atomic nucleus
nucleons
elements found in different forms based on the altering number of neutrons
isotopes
the ideal number of neutrons to have in the nucleus which results in the most stable configuration, positioning the nucleus as a whole at its lowest possible energy state
the ground state
any atom that is radioactive
radionuclide
any atoms that is radioactive because it has too few or too many neutrons
radioisotope
large particles emitted by very unstable nuclei
alpha particles
small particles emitted by moderately unstable nuclei
beta particles
electromagnetic radiation emitted by moderately unstable nuclei
gamma rays
