Chapter 4

Question 1

The Civil War was fought between the Union and Confederate states over the issues of slavery, federal power, and preserving the union

Answer 1

Causes of Civil War

Question 2

following Lincoln’s election, several southern states left the Union.

Answer 2

Secssion

Question 3

belief that states should have great freedom to govern themselves.

Answer 3

States Rights

Question 4

episode in which South Carolina threatened to invoke the doctrine of nullification and possibly even secede from the Union if offensive tariffs were not repealed. Enraged, Jackson prepared to call up federal troops if necessary to force South Carolina’s compliance. Fortunately, Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise that both sides could accept

Answer 4

SC Nullification Crisis

Question 5

Influential South Carolina senator and one-time vice president to Andrew Jackson who wrote Exposition and Protest and was an adamant defender of states’ rights.

Answer 5

John C. Calhoun

Question 6

compromise meant to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states which declared that Missouri would be admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. In addition, the southern boundary of Missouri, 36°30’ N, would become a dividing line for any new states admitted to the Union. All new states north of that line would be free states, while those to the south would be slave states

Answer 6

Missouri Compromise

Question 7

compromise that allowed California to be admitted as a free state, instituted popular sovereignty in the Utah and New Mexico territories, and established the Fugitive Slave Law

Answer 7

Compromise of 1850

Question 8

decide an issue. In particular, it was the view held by those who believed residents of a particular state or territory should decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery

Answer 8

Popular Sovereignty

Question 9

law attached to the Compromise of 1850 which required that northern states forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South

Answer 9

Fugitive Slave Law

Question 10

The Supreme Court’s decision in in which the Court ruled that a man had no right to sue because, as a slave, he was not a citizen. It also declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his “property” without due process of law. The decision also struck down the Missouri Compromise because it declared that it was a violation of the Fifth Amendment to declare slaves free of their owners without due process of law — even if that slave had entered a free state. The decision outraged both abolitionists and those who favored popular sovereignty

Answer 10

Dred Scott Decision

Question 11

radical abolitionist who, in October of 1859, attacked the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, hoping to seize weapons and give them to slaves who could then rise up in armed rebellion. The plan failed, however, when US troops under the command of Colonel Robert E. Lee surrounded the arsenal and forced Brown’s surrender.

Answer 11

John Brown

Question 12

reform movement to end slavery throughout the US

Answer 12

Abolitionist Movement

Question 13

After escaping slavery in Maryland, he educated himself and became the most prominent African-American speaker for the abolition of slavery. He even helped John Brown plan (but did not participate in) the Harper’s Ferry raid.

Answer 13

Frederick Douglas

Question 14

escaped slave who heroically returned to the South 19 times to help other slaves escape to freedom by way of the Underground Railroad

Answer 14

Harriet Tubman

Question 15

a network of people, including Harriet Tubman, who helped slaves escape to the northern US and Canada

Answer 15

Underground Railroad

Question 16

Her 1852 novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, was a fictional account of the horrors faced by a slave family in the South. Though she was white and had never been a slave, her book motivated many people in the North to support the abolition of slavery

Answer 16

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Question 17

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s fictional account of the horrors faced by a slave family in the South which motivated many people in the North to support the abolition of slavery

Answer 17

Uncle Toms Cabin

Question 18

political party formed from a coalition of northern Democrats who opposed slavery, Whigs, and Free Soilers that did not call for the immediate abolition of slavery, but did oppose the extension of slavery into new US territories. Lincoln was the party’s first presidential nominee to be elected

Answer 18

Republicans

Question 19

Election in which Republican and anti-slavery candidate, Abraham Lincoln, was elected president in large part due to divisions in the Democratic party over the issue of slavery. His election aroused such great concern among southerners that South Carolina responded by seceding from the Union

Answer 19

Election of 1860

Question 20

“nation” formed by the states that seceded from the Union

Answer 20

Confederate States of America

Question 21

site of the first shots of the Civil War when Confederate troops fired on the Union fort

Answer 21

Fort Sumter, SC

Question 22

President of the United States during the Civil War

Answer 22

Abraham Lincoln

Question 23

Union general who finally defeated Robert E. Lee and effectively ended the Civil War.

Answer 23

Ulysses S. Grant

Question 24

Union general whose victory at Atlanta helped Lincoln win re-election and who is most remembered for his “march to the sea.”

Answer 24

William T. Sherman

Question 25

first and only president of the Confederate States of American

Answer 25

Jefferson Davis

Question 26

brilliant general who commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, won impressive victories at the Second Battle of Bull Run and Chancelorsville, and eventually surrendered to Grant effectively ending the Civil War

Answer 26

Robert E. Lee

Question 27

Northern advantages included more railways, more factories, and a greater population from which to draw soldiers and a labor force. The North also had an established government.

Answer 27

Northern Advantages

Question 28

Southern advantages included better military leaders (initially), the need to fight only a war of attrition, and the motivation of fighting for their own independence

Answer 28

Southern Advantages

Question 29

General Winfield Scott’s plan for Union victory that involved surrounding the Confederacy and cutting off all supply lines, much like an anaconda wraps around its prey and squeezes the life out of it. It restricted southern trade, transport, and communications by seizing control of the Mississippi River, cutting Confederate territory in half, and instituted coastal blockades

Answer 29

Anaconda Plan

Question 30

battle fought in Maryland as Lee tried to invade the North for the first time. He was turned away after the bloodiest single day of fighting of the war

Answer 30

Antietam

Question 31

Fought in Pennsylvania, this battle was a key turning point in the war. Without Jackson to assist him, Lee’s forces proved less aggressive than usual and failed to win valuable high ground early in the battle. Union forces under the command of General George Meade defeated Lee’s army and ended any hope the South had of successfully invading the North. With more than 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing, it was the bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War

Answer 31

Gettysburg

Question 32

Military movement across Georgia and the Carolinas in which he burned cities and destroyed railways as he attempted to trap General Lee between himself and Grant

Answer 32

March to the Sea

Question 33

the guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned without being brought before a judge. It was, at times, suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War

Answer 33

Writs of Habeus Corpus

Question 34

a policy in which the government selects certain individuals for military service rather than waiting for them to enlist

Answer 34

Draft

Question 35

Union Democrats who opposed Lincoln.

Answer 35

Copperheads

Question 36

executive order which freed slaves in the Confederate states.

Answer 36

Emancipation Proclamation

Question 37

African-American unit in the Union army which inspired its fellow white troops and won a place in history with its courageous assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston in July 1863.

Answer 37

54th Massachusetts

Question 38

site of Lee’s surrender to Grant

Answer 38

Appomattox Courthouse

Question 39

succeeded Lincoln as president and was the first president in US history ever impeached

Answer 39

Andrew Johnson

Question 40

plan for Reconstruction supported by President Andrew Johnson. It was less severe than Radical Reconstruction and only required that southerners swear allegiance to the Union and that states denounce their secession and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Once done, Confederate states could re-enter the Union. It allowed power to remain in the hands of many of the same people who had led the Confederacy during the Civil War.

Answer 40

Presidential Reconstruction

Question 41

Republicans in Congress who favored imposing strict conditions and Republican policies on the South during Reconstruction

Answer 41

Radical Republicans

Question 42

stricter form of Reconstruction backed by the Republican Congress that eventually won out over Presidential Reconstruction. It required southern states to submit to military rule, hold new constitutional conventions, grant African Americans equal rights and the right to vote, and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

Answer 42

Radical Reconstruction

Question 43

Constitutional amendment that ended slavery throughout the United States

Answer 43

Thirteenth Amendment

Question 44

guaranteed that no person (regardless of race) would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. It granted blacks the status of citizenship and was ratified in 1868

Answer 44

Fourteenth Amendment

Question 45

guaranteed that no citizen may be denied the right to vote “by the United States or any state on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” The amendment had great impact in the South by guaranteeing African-Americans the right to vote.

Answer 45

Fifteenth Amendment

Question 46

system in which ex-slaves paid rent to farm land owned by someone else, owned the crops they grew, and were less at the mercy of white landowners than sharecroppers.

Answer 46

Tenant Farming

Question 47

first federal relief agency in US history, it served to provide clothing, medical attention, meals, education, and even some land to freed blacks and some poorer whites

Answer 47

Freedman’s Beuraeu

Question 48

laws meant to keep African-Americans subordinate to whites by restricting the rights of freed slaves

Answer 48

Black Codes

Question 49

racist hate group whose numbers grew after WWI as it expanded its focus from simply opposing blacks and integration to attacking Jews, Catholics, and immigrants as well.

Answer 49

Ku Klux Klan

Question 50

political compromise that made Republican Rutherford B. Hayes president in exchange for an end to Reconstruction

Answer 50

Compromise of 1877

Question 51

term refers to the fact that, for nearly a century after Reconstruction, Southerners remained distrustful of the Republican party and “solidly” supported Democratic candidates.

Answer 51

Solid South

Question 52

laws passed in the South after Reconstruction that required blacks and whites to use separate public facilities.

Answer 52

Jim Crow Laws

Question 53

requirement used by whites in the South to prevent African Americans from voting; required reading test

Answer 53

Literacy Test

Question 54

method which took advantage of the fact that most blacks were poor in order to prevent African Americans from voting.

Answer 54

Poll Taxes

Question 55

special exemptions in voting laws which stated that one need not pay a poll tax or pass a literacy test if one had voted before or had ancestors who voted. They were meant to allow poor, illiterate whites vote while still excluding African-Americans.

Answer 55

Grandfather Clause

Question 56

separation of people based on race

Answer 56

Segregation

Question 57

1896 Supreme Court case which sanctioned segregation and established the principle of “separate but equal.”

Answer 57

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Question 58

former slave who founded the Tuskegee Institute. He taught his students that if blacks excelled in teaching, agriculture and blue collar fields (trades requiring manual labor), they would eventually be treated as equal citizens. He was criticized by some African-Americans because he saw no problem with segregation

Answer 58

Booker T Washington

Question 59

was the first black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard University; adamantly rejected justifications for segregation. Argued that blacks should pursue occupations in the humanities and in white-collar fields. Unlike some other African American leaders, he believed that blacks must be politically, legally, and socially active in order to obtain true equality. He helped organize a group of black intellectuals known as the Niagara movement and was instrumental in founding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Answer 59

WEB Dobois

Question 60

Barnett was an influential African American woman. She later campaigned against lynchings, fought for women’s suffrage, and helped organize the NAACP.

Answer 60

Ida Wells Barnett