Chapter 10 Flashcards
a movement of African Americans during the 1950s and 60s that centered on African Americans fighting for their constitutional rights and the end of segregation.
Civil Rights Movement
Supreme Court case in which the Court reversed the Plessy decision and ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional due to the fact that separate facilities are inherently unequal because they did not present minority students with the same opportunities that were offered in white schools.
Brown vs. Board of Education
African-American woman who ignited the Montgomery Bus boycott when she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public bus to a white passenger.
Rosa Parks
an incredibly intelligent man and a gifted public speaker who became the recognized leader of the Civil Rights Movement, believed in non-violent civil disobedience, led the March on
Washington, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the march from Selma to Montgomery, and was eventually assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
Martin Luther King Jr.
boycott in which African-American citizens of Montgomery, Alabama united to boycott public transportation after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. It lasted over a year until the Supreme Court ruled that buses in Montgomery must be integrated (desegregated); it also made Martin Luther King, Jr. a national figure.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
non-violent refusal to obey unjust laws
Civil Disodience
nonviolent protests in which blacks sat in segregated places until they were served or arrested
Sit-In
bus rides in which integrated groups of whites and blacks would ride interstate buses to test Supreme Court decisions requiring interstate buses to be desegregated
Freedom Rides
march by civil rights supporters on the nation’s capital at which Dr. King gave perhaps his most famous speech.
March on Washington
well-known black militant leader of the 1960s who was eventually assassinated after he softened his original views that all whites were evil and began advocating that whites and blacks work together for social/racial justice.
Malcom X
president who succeeded Kennedy and actively supported civil rights legislation and affirmative action
Lyndon B Johnson
law that prohibited segregation in public accommodations (hotels, restaurants, and theaters that served an interstate clientele) and discrimination in education and employment and gave the president the power to enforce the new law.
Civil Rights Act
outlawed poll taxes.
24th Ammendment
authorized the president to suspend literacy tests for voter registration and to send federal officials to register voters in the event that county officials failed to do so.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
impacted the civil rights movement. The Soviets pointed out to the leaders of developing nations the hypocrisy in US ideology. They tried to convince non-white peoples that the United States only offered freedom to people of white European descent and that people of color could not trust the United States. US presidents like Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson understood this. They supported new civil rights legislation meant to increase US credibility in places like Africa and diffuse the Soviet’s arguments. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders understood this too. King and others used the Cold War to their advantage to put pressure on the federal government to support civil rights.
The Cold War
Greatly impacted the civil rights movement. Rather than simply reading about civil rights demonstrations at which police beat and arrested peaceful demonstrators, TV viewers could see it with their own eyes. Many Americans, including whites, found the violence appalling. The media helped expose the brutality of southern officials in putting down non-violent protests. As a result, many people flocked to support the civil rights movement.
The Media
Name of Lyndon B. Johnson’s domestic programs which included VISTA, Job Corps, Medicare and Medicaid, Head Start, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the establishment of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
Great Society
refers to Johnson’s attempts and programs designed to end poverty in the US.
War on Poverty
small, Southeast Asian nation in which the US eventually became involved in a war between the
Vietnam
Resolution that gave the president the authority to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States…” In effect, it gave Johnson the power to take military actions in Vietnam without having to get approval from Congress.
Gulf of Tarskin Resolution
intense bombing campaign against North Vietnam ordered by President Johnson.
Operation Rolling Thunder
Used effectively by the Viet Cong, it is a style of fighting that involves striking fast and without warning and then retreating before one’s enemy can fully respond.
Guerilla Warfare
coordinated attack launched by the Communists that produced heavy fighting, even in the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon. The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces were eventually turned back, but they had won a psychological victory
Tet Offensive
This was a protest movement that grew, especially on college campuses, during the Vietnam War.
Anti-War Movement
became president after Johnson. He presided during the Paris Peace Accords and the end of US involvement in Vietnam. He also advocated New Federalism and opposed civil rights legislation. He was a masterful diplomat when it came to foreign relations. He was the first US president to resign due to the Watergate scandal
Richard Nixon
agreement that officially ended US involvement in Vietnam but failed to prevent the fall of the South to the Communists.
Paris Peace Accords
capital of South Vietnam where the US carried out a last-minute evacuation before the city fell to the Communists in April 1975.
Saigon
Site of a confrontation between National Guard troops and college students that resulted in four people killed and nine people injured.
Kent State University
study ordered by former secretary of defense, Robert McNamara, and documented the history of US involvement in Vietnam. When they were made public, they revealed that the executive branch had lied to Congress concerning the war. Presidents had made secret decisions and undertaken unapproved military actions.
Pentagon Papers
movement among students and young adults that challenged traditional views.
Counterculture
started by Cesar Chavez in 1962, the United Farm Workers conducted a successful boycott of California grapes in the late 1960s.
United Farm Workers
controversial case in which the Supreme Court ruled state laws restricting a woman’s right to an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy to be unconstitutional.
Roe vs. Wade
a new approach to foreign relations with communist nations that was introduced by Nixon for the purpose of using diplomacy rather than military intimidation to try to work out differences. It resulted in re established relations between the US and China, as well as the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union.
Detente
Agency established by Nixon to be responsible for setting and enforcing national pollution-control standards.
EPA
Scandal that resulted from a failed attempt by supporters of President Nixon to bug phones at Democratic headquarters and the president’s involvement in the subsequent cover-up. It resulted in Nixon becoming the only President in US history to resign from office.
Watergate Scandal
a political/social movement that championed traditional values, opposed extensive government regulations, favored private property rights over newly passed civil rights legislation, and supported a strong military to oppose the Soviet Union and the threat of communism.
Conservatism
Reagan was a conservative champion who won the governorship of California in 1966 and later became president in 1981. He believed in trickle-down economics, a strong military, and smaller government. Many credit him with helping to end the Cold War. His administration also presided during the Iran-Contra scandal and left the nation with an enormous national debt.
Ronald Reagan
progressive Soviet leader who negotiated with Reagan and instituted new policies that eventually contributed to the collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the end of the USSR.
Mikhail Gorbachev
scandal during the Reagan presidency in which the US arranged to secretly sell arms to Iran and use the profits to fund and support the Contras in Nicaragua.
Iran-Contra Scandal
Reagan’s vice president and president of the United States who was commander-in-chief during the Persian Gulf War. He lost the 1992 election to Bill Clinton
George H. W. Bush
War fought to liberate Kuwait from Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi forces
Persian Gulf War
first Democratic president to win re-election since FDR, he ran as a “New Democrat,”signed welfare reform, and was only the second president ever impeached.
Bill Clinton
removed trade restrictions between the US, Canada, and Mexico, and caused considerable controversy in the United States because many labor unions feared that the agreement would encourage US businesses to relocate to Mexico where they’d face fewer restrictions and be able to pay lower wages, while others argued that it would create jobs in the United States by increasing foreign markets for US business.
NAFTA
area of concern for Bill Clinton. Disturbed that nearly 40 million US citizens still had no medical insurance in 1993, Clinton appointed his own wife, Hillary Clinton, to head a task force to analyze health care and propose reforms. Clinton ended up presenting to Congress a plan that called for a government-supervised health insurance program that guaranteed affordable health coverage to every US citizen. The plan was rejected by Congress after roughly a year of debate.
Healthcare System
closest election in US history in which George W. Bush eventually defeated Al Gore despite winning fewer popular votes after the Supreme Court stopped recounts in Florida
Election of 2000
son of President George H.W. Bush and the 43rd president of the United States. He was elected in the closest election in US history and launched a war on terror following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
George W. Bush
leader of Al-Qaeda and mastermind behind the terrorist attacks of 9/11.
Osama Bin Laden
date on which terrorist attacks occurred which destroyed the World Trade Center, damaged the Pentagon, and resulted in a deadly airline crash in Pennsylvania, forever changing the United States.
September 11, 2001
aggressive war launched by President George W. Bush in 2001 in response to the 9/11 attacks.
War on Terror
Afghanistan was invaded in 2001 for harboring Al-Qaeda
Afghanistan
war in which the US led an international coalition in an invasion of Iraq for the purpose of deposing Saddam Hussein. Its justification was based largely on intelligence reports that Saddam had “weapons of mass destruction” and ties to terrorism. Although Saddam was removed from power, no weapons of mass destruction were found, and many criticized Bush’s decision to wage the war.
War in Iraq
a lasting peace agreement between Egypt and Israel which President Carter helped negotiate.
Camp David Accords
He won the presidential election of 2008 to become the first African-American president in history.
Bararck Obama
crisis occurred before and during Barack Obama’s presidency. It was defined by record foreclosures and many people associated with the industry losing their jobs or businesses.
Real Estate Crisis
Term to describe the worldwide connection between nations economically, in terms of communications, etc.
Globalization
