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Biology 111 C > Chapter 4,12, and 15 review for exam > Flashcards

Chapter 4,12, and 15 review for exam Flashcards

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1
Q

four types of bases in DNA

A

Adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine

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2
Q

four types of bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Uracil
guanine
cytosine

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3
Q

what does the backbone of DNA and RNA consist of?

A

phosphate group
nitrogenous base
five carbon sugar

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4
Q

how does DNA become proteins

A

DNA ——> RNA——> Proteins
transcription turns DNA into RNA
translation turns RNA into proteins

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5
Q

What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines

A

cytosine
uracil or thymine

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6
Q

what nitrogenous bases are purines

A

guanine
adinine
(both guanine and adenine have the word “nine” in the word which links them to purines)

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7
Q

what is the bond that holds two nucleotides together

A

phosphodiester linkage

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8
Q

Characteristics of polymerization

A
  • requires energy
  • non spontaneous reactions
  • ATP is an activated nucleotide
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9
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA structure?

A

DNA structure:
- has thymine in it
- double stranded and double helix
- very stable and not as flexible
- carries more information because it is more stable

RNA structure:
- hydroxyl group (making it more reactive)
- has uracil in it
- single stranded
- more bendable and flexible
- can be a ribozyme that can act as a catalyst

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10
Q

What are the complementary base pairs of both DNA and RNA

A

DNA
- A and T (two hydrogen bonds)
- G and C (Three hydrogen bonds)

RNA
- A and U (two hydrogen bonds)
- G and C (Three hydrogen bonds)

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11
Q

DNA Structure:

A

primary: sequence of deoxyribonucleotides; bases are A T G and C

secondary: two antiparallel strands twisted into a double helix, stabilized by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and van der waals interactions

tertiary: double helical DNA forms compact structures by wrapping around histone proteins or twisting into supercoils.

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12
Q

DNA Synthesis occurs in which direction

A

five prime to three prime direction

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13
Q

RNA Structure:

A

Primary: sequences of ribonucleotides; bases are A U G and C

Secondary: most commonly a single strand that folds back on itself to form a double helical “stem” and unpaired “loop”

Tertiary: Secondary structures fold to form a wide variety of distinctive three dimensional shape

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14
Q

what does semi conservative mean regarding DNA synthesis?

A

each new double stranded DNA molecule consists of one of the original strands from the parent molecule in order to conserve the original DNA in each copy

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15
Q

What are the enzymes that are involved in DNA Synthesis

A
  • DNA Helicase
  • Topoisomerase
  • Primare (RNA polymerase)
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase III
  • Ligase
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16
Q

What does Ligase do?

A

enzyme that puts the two strands of DNA together
- carries out the reaction to form a phosphodiester linkage at the end

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17
Q

what does DNA helicase do?

A

breaks the bonds between nitrogenous bases and unzips the double helix so the DNA can be replicated

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18
Q

function of topoisomerase

A

cutting, shuffling, and religating DNa strands

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19
Q

function of primase (RNA polymerase

A

synthesis of RNA primer

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20
Q

function of DNA polymerase III

A

responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during DNA replication

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21
Q

function of DNA polymerase I

A

to remove RNA primers from the newly synthesized DNa strand during replication and fill in the gaps left behind by the primers with the needed DNA nucleotides in the lagging strand

22
Q

Is DNA Synthesis exergonic or endergonic

A

dna synthesis is endergonic

23
Q

where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

A

in the nucleus

24
Q

where is dna found in prokaryotic molecules?

A

in the nucleoid

25
Q

do plasmids contain DNA?

A

yes, plasmids do contain some DNA

26
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

27
Q

what bases are at the beginning of replication and why?

A

adenine and thymine are because they only have two hydrogen bonds that helicase has to break through making it easier to start replication.

28
Q

what is the function of single strand DNa binding proteins?

A

attach two separate strands to prevent them from closing

29
Q

which direction is the lagging strand synthesized

A

synthesized away from the replication fork

30
Q

where does DNA synthesis occur?

A

in the nucleus

31
Q

what are the three main functions of cell division

A

reproduction, growth and development, and tissue renewal

32
Q

how do cells replicate?

A
  1. copying DNA (s phase)
  2. separating copies (mitosis)
  3. dividing cytoplasm to create two complete cells (cytokinesis)
33
Q

is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

asexual

34
Q

what does interphase consist of?

A

G1, s phase, and G2

35
Q

what occurs during G1

A

cell growth, RNA/protein synthesis,. accumulates nutrients to go through mitosis later

36
Q

what occurs in S phase

A

DNA replication and dna repair

37
Q

what occurs in G2

A

dna synthesis is complete, microtubules are also complete

38
Q

what phases occur in mitosis

A

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

39
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus begins to form

40
Q

what happens in prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules connect to chromosomes at kinetochores

41
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes complete migration to the middle of the cell

42
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes which are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus

43
Q

what happens in telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes condense

44
Q

what occurs in cytokinesis

A
  • cell division begins: actin - myosin ring causes plasma membrane to begin pinching in
  • cell division is complete: two daughter cells have formed
  • cleavage furrow: visible indentation that forms on the surface of animal cells during cytokinesis
45
Q

define chromosome

A

a structure containing genetic information in gene form

46
Q

define chromatin

A

the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; consists of a DNA molecule and histone proteins

47
Q

define sister chromatids

A

tow attached double stranded DNA copies of a replicated chromosome. when chromosomes are replicated, they consist of two genetically identical chromatids; when they separate, they become individual chromosomes

48
Q

define centromeres

A

regions of chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined

49
Q

define kinetochores

A

structure on a sister chromatid where microtubules attach

50
Q

define dentrosome

A

microtubule organizing center in animals and certain plants/fungi; each pole in the spindle apparatus is a centrosome

51
Q

what are the checkpoints in the cell cycle

A

G1 checkpoint: cells pass if nutrients are sufficient, growth factors are present, cell size is adequate, and DNA is undamaged

G2 Checkpoint: cells pass if chromosome replication is successfully completed, no DNA damage, and activated MPF is present
(MPF: mitosis promoting factor)

Metaphase checkpoint: pass if all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

Biology 111 C (5 decks)

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